CAMELS AND LLAMAS. 
403 
BONES OF THE LEFT 
FORE-FOOT OF THE 
camel. (From 
Dawkins.) 
An important point of distinction is that the front of the upper jaw is furnished 
with incisor teeth; it is true, indeed, that in the adult state there is only a single 
pair of these teeth remaining, but in young animals there are, as in pigs, three 
pairs. Then, again, both jaws are furnished with tusks or canine teeth; those of 
the lower jaw being sharply pointed, and separated by an interval 
from the incisors, instead of resembling the latter and forming 
with them a continuous series, as we have seen to be the case in 
the chevrotains and the true Ruminants. The molar teeth have 
tall and crescent-shaped crowns, which, however, are not precisely 
similar to those of the group last-named; and one, or sometimes 
more, of the premolar teeth generally has a simple pointed crown, 
like that of a canine, and is not in contact with the other teeth 
of the cheek-series. These isolated premolar teeth are seen in 
the figure of the skeleton of the camel, in the gap between the 
tusks and the other cheek-teeth. 
The limbs are long, and the thigh is placed nearly vertically, 
so that the true knee is more detached from the small hind¬ 
quarters of the body than is usually the case in Ungulate 
mammals. The lower portion of the legs is composed of a 
cannon-bone supporting two toes, without any trace of the lateral 
toes or their metacarpal bones. The cannon-bone differs, how¬ 
ever, from that of the true Ruminants, in that the two pulley-like 
surfaces at the lower end, instead of being placed side by side 
and furnished with a distinct ridge in the middle of each, are divergent and perfectly 
smooth. The bones of the first joint of the toes are also longer and more expanded 
at their lower ends than in the true Ruminants; the second pair being broad and 
flattened, while the third form mere nodules, quite unlike the symmetrical ones of 
the latter group. The feet form broad expanded cushion¬ 
like pads (from which the group derives its title of 
Tylopoda), of which the under surface is undivided, while 
the front shows a division into two toes, each of which 
bears a broad nail on the upper surface. The ankle-joint 
differs from that of the true Ruminants in that the two 
bones lying immediately below the astragalus, remain 
distinct, whereas in the former they unite into a compound 
bone, termed the naviculo-cuboid. A further distinction is 
to be found in the divided upper lip, like that of a hare; 
while the elongated neck is characterised by the great 
length of its component vertebrae. These vertebrae ex¬ 
hibit certain peculiarities of structure into the considera¬ 
tion of which we need not enter here; but it must be 
observed that they resemble those of the true Ruminants 
in that the process in front of the second vertebra, by which it articulates with 
the first, is spout-shaped. Here, then, we have another instance of a similar 
structure being independently acquired in two distinct groups. The head is carried 
high in the air, with the upper part of the neck nearly vertical; and is unprovided 
WATER-CELLS in stomach of 
CAMEL. 
