HIPPOPOTAMI .; 
453 
the following year, where, as already mentioned, it lived till 1878. This was a 
male, and although a consort was obtained for it in 1853, no young were produced 
till 1871. The calf born in that year did not, however, long survive, and the same 
untimely fate also befell a second calf produced in the spring of the following year. 
A third calf was born in the autumn of 1872, and is still living (1894). 
Pigmy The Liberian or pigmy hippopotamus (//. liberiensis ) from 
Hippopotamus. Western Africa is a much smaller animal, not exceeding a pig in 
dimensions, and weighing only about 400 lbs. This species differs structurally from 
the common one in having only a single pair of incisor teeth in the lower jaw, 
although a small representative of the second pair may sometimes occur on one 
side. The colour of the back is slaty black, while that of the under-parts is dirty 
greyish white, and the sides greenish slaty grey. The height at the shoulder is 
about 2 feet 6 inches, and the total length 6 feet, of which 7 inches are occupied 
by the tail. 
This diminutive species appears to be confined to Upper Guinea, 
and according to Herr Btittikofer is found only in swamps and damp 
forests, and not in rivers. Its habits are said, indeed, to be more like those of wild 
swine than those of its gigantic cousin, and, instead of traversing well-beaten paths, 
it wanders great distances in the woods. The author quoted is uncertain whether 
the Liberian hippopotamus is nocturnal or diurnal in its habits, although he is 
inclined to believe that it is the latter. It is, however, certain that it lives either 
solitary or in pairs, and that it never associates in troops like the larger species. 
Extinct Among extinct species of the genus, the Maltese hippopotamus 
Hippopotami. (// viinutas), of which the remains are found in such enormous 
quantities in the caverns of Malta and Sicily, appears to have been no larger than 
the Liberian species, though it resembled the ordinary living African one in the 
number of its lower incisor teeth. Intermediate in size between the Maltese and 
the common hippopotamus was Pentland’s hippopotamus (II. pentlandi), found in 
the same deposits as the former. The vast quantities in which the remains of these 
two extinct species are found in the Sicilian caves presents a puzzle, since hippo¬ 
potami are not the sort of animals which one would expect to frequent such 
habitations. Some years ago many shiploads of teeth and bones of these species 
were imported into England from Palermo for the manufacture of charcoal. 
Although hippopotami are now quite unknown in India, during the Pleistocene 
and Pliocene epochs they were abundant in that country. In the Pleistocene of the 
Narbada Valley in Central India remains of two species of the genus are met with; 
one of these ( H. palceindicus ) being characterised by the presence on each side of 
the lower jaw of a small incisor tooth between the two larger ones, corresponding 
to those of the common African hippopotamus; while in the second Narbada 
species (II. namadicus ) both upper and lower jaws were provided with three 
nearly equal-sized pairs of incisor teeth. The same condition also obtains in the 
Siwalik hippopotamus (H. sivalensis ) from the Pliocene rocks at the foot of the 
Himalaya, and likewise in the Pliocene Burmese hippopotamus (H. iravadicus ) and 
the Algerian hippopotamus ( H. bonariensis), which was likewise of Pliocene age. 
An extinct hippopotamus (H. lemerlei ) has also been discovered in the superficial 
deposits of Madagascar. 
