47 ° 
UNGULATES. 
Distribution. 
Habits. 
This species has a much more extensive distribution than its 
larger cousin. There is no evidence that it ever occurred in Peninsular 
India, but it is found in the Bengal sundarbans and portions of Eastern Bengal, 
while it has been met within the Sikhim “terai.” From the valley of Assam 
it ranges eastwards through Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, 
and Borneo; its partially fossilised remains occurring in the latter island. 
Mr. Blanford observes that this species “ is more an inhabitant 
of the forest than of grass, and although it is found in the alluvial 
swamps of the sundarbans, its usual habitat appears to be in hilly countries. It 
has been observed at considerable elevations both in Burma and Java.” Indeed, 
there is evidence that it probably ascends occasionally to as much as seven thousand 
feet above the sea-level. This species being a forest-dwelling one, while its molar 
teeth are of the same pattern as those of the leaf and branch-eating common 
African rhinoceros, it is pretty certain that its food must be of the same general 
nature as that of the latter. In disposition the Javan rhinoceros is said to be 
more gentle than the large Indian species, and it is not unfrequently tamed 
by the Malays. The horns are never large, and afford but poor trophies to the 
sportsman. 
Allied siwalik In the Pliocene rocks of the Siwalik Hills at the foot of the 
Rhinoceroses. Himalaya there occur remains of a single - horned rhinoceros 
( R . sivalensis), which appears to have been closely allied to the Javan species, of 
which the original home may accordingly have been India. More remarkable, 
however, is the occurrence of a fossil rhinoceros in the interior of the Himalaya, 
at an elevation of about sixteen thousand feet above the sea-level, which likewise 
seems to have been related to the same species. It may be added that another 
fossil Indian rhinoceros (R. paloeindicus), of which an upper molar teeth is repre¬ 
sented in the lower figure on p. 464, appears to have been the forerunner of the 
living great Indian rhinoceros; its molar teeth approximating to those of the 
latter, although of a rather less complex structure. 
Sumatran Reverting to the living Asiatic species, the last of all is the 
Rhinoceros. Sumatran rhinoceros (R. sumatrensis), which is mainly characteristic 
of the countries to the eastward of the Bay of Bengal, occurring but rarely in 
Assam, although a single example has been obtained from Bhutan. From Assam 
it ranges through Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Siam, Sumatra, and Borneo; 
but it is quite unknown in Java. 
This is the smallest of all the living species of rhinoceros, and 
differs from the preceding kinds in carrying two horns. It is further 
distinguished by its hairiness, although there is a certain amount of individual 
variation in this respect. As a rule, the greater part of the body is thinly covered 
with brown or black hair of considerable length, while there are larger or smaller 
fringes of hair on the ears and tail. The skin, which is rough and granular, and 
varies in colour from earthy brown almost to black, has the folds much less 
developed than in the single-horned species, and only the one behind the shoulders 
is continuing right across the back. The two horns are placed some distance apart, 
and when fully developed are thick and massive at the base, but very slender 
above, the front and longer one sweeping backwards in a graceful curve. In 
Characters. 
