UNGULATES. 
484 
these animals, from whence they migrated to Asia and Europe; but it appears to 
us that the evidence is equally in favour of the migration having been in the 
opposite direction. These rhinoceroses occur throughout the Tertiary period as 
far down as the upper Eocene division; and even at that low horizon many of the 
species may be referred to the living genus, although in most cases they were 
unprovided with horns, while some of them had four toes to each foie-foot. 
Rhinoceroses are, therefore, even more ancient animals than tapirs. 
Mention has already been made of a rhinoceros from Greece, which was 
closely allied to the common living African species; but there were also several 
other extinct Old World kinds resembling the existing African rhinoceroses in 
the presence of two horns and in the absence of front teeth, w T hile in some 
cases there is evidence to prove that their skins were of the smooth type. 
One of the most remarkable of these species is the broad-nosed rhinoceros 
(R platyrliinus) from the Siwalik Hills at the foot of the Himalaya, which was an 
enormous animal, 
with upper molar 
teeth resembling 
in structure those 
of Burchell’s rhin¬ 
oceros, although 
the last one was 
of the ordinary 
triangular shape. 
The other species, 
with molar teeth 
of similar type, 
is the woolly 
rhinoceros ( R. 
antiquitatis), so 
called from the 
thick coat of woolly hair with which its body was covered. Skeletons, bones, and 
teeth of this species have been found in the cavern and other superficial deposits 
of the greater part of Europe, including England, while entire carcases occur 
frozen in the ice of the Siberian “ tundra.” From these frozen specimens it has 
been ascertained not only that the skin was covered with woolly hair, but likewise 
that it was devoid of the permanent folds characterising the Asiatic species. The 
horns of the woolly rhinoceros appear to have rivalled in size those of the living 
African Burchell’s rhinoceros. From the structure of their upper molar teeth it 
may be inferred that both the broad-nosed and the woolly rhinoceros were grass- 
eaters. In Siberia, however, portions of needles of conifers and of twigs of other 
trees have been found in the interstices of the molar teeth of the latter; from 
which it has been assumed that the animal was a branch-eater. It is, however, 
quite probable that while in Siberia it may have been compelled from lack of its 
proper food to take to feeding upon leaves and twigs, yet that in the more southern 
portion of its range it resembled its allies in being entirely a grass-eater. 
During the Pleistocene period there were three other species of two-horned 
SKULL OF EXTINCT RHINOCEROS FROM THE BRICK-EARTH OF ESSEX. 
