UNGULATES. 
5 l6 
likewise in their general mode of life. The lophiodons are somewhat older animals, 
being mainly characteristic of the middle Eocene strata of Europe. Some of them 
were as large as a rhinoceros; and their upper molar teeth approximate to those of 
the tapirs having their outer columns conical, instead of assuming the flattened form 
characteristic of the palaeotheres. The lower molars, moreover, differ from those of 
the pakeotheres in having their transverse ridges nearly straight instead of crescent¬ 
like ; and the total number of teeth is only forty, owing to the loss of the first 
premolar in each jaw. So far as known, the number of toes to the feet was the 
same as in the tapirs; and while the true lophiodons apparently indicate a group 
which died out without leaving any descendants, certain allied forms probably 
indicate the ancestral stocks of both the tapirs and the rhinoceroses. 
Titanotheres and In the Miocene period there existed in North America and the 
Chaiicotheres. Balkans certain gigantic rhinoceros-like Ungulates, which, while 
belonging to the Odd-toed group, were quite unlike any other forms, and approxi¬ 
mated in bulk to the elephants. These titanotheres, as they are called, had skulls 
somewhat like those of rhinoceroses, but furnished with a pair of bony processes 
placed transversely in the region of the nose, which were doubtless furnished 
with horny sheaths during life. The limbs were massive, and furnished with 
four toes in front, and three behind, one of the fore-feet being figured on p. 152. 
Some of the species had the full number of forty-four teeth, placed in close 
apposition to one another; but in others the whole of the lower and one pair 
of the upper incisors were wanting. The molar teeth are of the type of those 
shown in the accompanying figure, and differ very markedly from those of other 
Odd-toed Ungulates; they consist of four columns, of which the outer ones are 
flattened, and those on the inner side more or less conical. The teeth are further 
remarkable for the extreme lowness of 
their crowns. North America also yields 
remains of smaller but allied Ungulates, 
such as Palceosyops, which extend down¬ 
wards to the highest beds of the Eocene, 
and have no bony processes on the skull. 
The most extraordinary modification 
of the Odd-toed Ungulate type is, however, 
presented by the chalicothere, which is 
common to the Pliocene and Miocene 
deposits of Southern Asia, Europe, and the United States. In these animals the 
molar teeth were of the type of the titanothere; but the limbs terminated in long 
curved claws, very similar to those of the pangolins or scaly ant-eaters, described in 
the next volume. Indeed, so like are the limbs of the chalicothere to those of the 
last-named animals, that they were originally regarded as indicating a member of 
the same group. Apparently, however, the chalicotheres must be regarded as 
specially modified Ungulates, more or less closely allied to the Odd-toed group, and 
adapted for a fossorial, or possibly arboreal mode of life. 
