i8 
Journal of Agricultural Research 
Vol. VII, No. i 
some portions of the work have been repeated, and the results have been 
prepared for publication by Dr. Caldwell, who is responsible for the 
conclusions drawn from the analytical data. 
ANALYTICAL METHODS 
The analytical methods employed are based upon those devised by 
Waldemar Koch and his pupils (9, 10, n, 12) for use in the quantitative 
analysis of animal tissues. With the subsequent application of these 
methods to the study of plant tissues, a considerable number of modifica¬ 
tions of the original scheme of analysis have been found necessary, and 
these have been incorporated into the analytical procedure. For some 
of these we are indebted to Dr. Fred C. Koch or to workers in his labora¬ 
tory. Others of them were worked out by the writers in the course of 
this and similar investigations. A number of determinations of indi¬ 
vidual constituents have also been made by the employment of special 
methods, so that the results reported are believed to present a rather 
complete statement of the chemical differences between sound and 
diseased fruits. 
The apples used in the experiments were of the Red Astrachan variety 
and were grown in the orchards of the Alabama Agricultural Experi¬ 
ment Station. The various lots employed in the work were gathered 
between June 17 and June 23, all those employed in any one series of 
analyses having been collected at one time and from the same tree. At 
the earliest date mentioned, the sound fruits were fully mature but had 
not begun to soften. As all the trees of this variety showed very severe 
blackrot infection, it was possible to secure at any desired time and 
from a single tree specimens showing any desired stage of the disease, 
together with sound fruits of the same age. 
The procedure employed in collecting samples was the same in every 
case; a considerable number of wholly sound fruits, an equal number 
of fruits, each of which was approximately half-decayed, and a third 
lot, all of which were entirely decayed, were picked from the trees and 
carried at once to the laboratory. A careful examination of each fruit 
was then made in order to be sure that the diseased apples were free from 
organisms other than Sphaeropsis malorum, and three lots of material 
were prepared. The first lot, designated throughout this paper as 
“normal,” was made up of selected portions of perfectly sound, normal 
fruits; the second lot consisted of decayed portions of fruits, one-half or 
three-fifths of which were invaded by blackrot, and is here termed <£ half- 
decayed’ J ; the third lot, made up of fruits in which decay was complete, 
is designated “wholly decayed.” Each lot of material was ground to a 
pulp by passing it through a food chopper and completing the grinding 
in a mortar. A portion was then removed, accurately weighed in a pre¬ 
viously dried and tared crucible, and employed in a moisture determina- 
