Oct. 2, I916 
19 
Effect of Blackrot Fungus on the Apple 
tion. From the remainder, 100 gm. were weighed out, transferred to a 
closely stoppered flask, and preserved in such a quantity of redistilled 95 
per cent alcohol as sufficed to give an alcohol concentration of 85 to 87 
per cent. As the moisture content ranged from 87.39 per cent in the 
sound fruits to 86.14 per cent in completely decayed apples, each 100- 
gm. sample received 830 to 860 c. c. of alcohol. Preliminary moisture 
determinations had been made in order to ascertain the approximate 
water content. The whole operation of pulping, weighing samples, and 
transferring to the alcohol could be carried out in 8 to 10 minutes, so 
that little opportunity was offered for chemical changes resulting from 
exposure of the ground tissues to the air. The material was allowed to 
stand in the alcohol for seven days, with frequent shaking, and was occa¬ 
sionally warmed on a water bath to hasten the coagulation of the proteins 
and the extraction of constituents readily soluble in alcohol. The analy¬ 
ses of any given sample of material were begun on the eighth day after 
it had been collected. 
The initial procedure in the method of analysis employed consists 
of successive extractions of the material with alcohol, ether, water, and 
alcohol, which divides the material into two portions, a portion consisting 
of the constituents extracted by these solvents and designated, for a 
reason which will presently appear, as “Fractions 1 and 2,” and an in¬ 
soluble residue designated “Fraction 3." The details of the method of 
extraction follow. 
The extractions were carried out in an apparatus originally designed 
for the analysis of rubber insulating materials (6). This apparatus has 
very great advantages over the ordinary Soxhlet apparatus in that it has 
only two glass parts, a small Erlenmeyer extraction flask and an ex¬ 
traction cup bearing a side-arm siphon. The condenser, which is made of 
block tin, fits within the neck of the flask and bears a flange which forms 
a perfect seal, so that the dropping of cold water from the condenser upon 
the flank is prevented. The extraction cup is suspended from the con¬ 
denser at such a height that the bottom is just above the level of the boil¬ 
ing solvent; hence, the material is kept constantly at a temperature equal 
to that of the liquid, which usually boils vigorously in the cup. The 
absence of ground-glass connections obviates the danger of loss from 
breakage, while the compact character of the apparatus permits the 
carrying out of a large number of extractions simultaneously upon an 
ordinary hot plate or water bath. 
The extraction was begun by transferring the preserved material to 
previously dried and weighed Schleicher and Schull extraction thimbles, 
in which all the subsequent extractions were made. Three thimbles of 
the size designated by the makers as “Hiilsen fur Extractions-apparate 
Nr. 603, 30X80 mm./’, with the upper 20 mm. cut off, usually sufficed 
to contain a sample of 100 gm. In filling, the thimbles were placed 
in the glass siphon cups, which were then set into funnels dripping into 
