POULTRY RAISING. 
127 
sides and effectually keep out rain except when high winds prevail. The 
roof is very easily removed by lifting one end and sliding it endwise on 
the opposite gable end on which it rests. The trough can then be filled 
and the roof drawn back into place without lifting it.” 
During the whole summer, constant watch must be kept to see that 
the growing pullets have plenty of shade and water. Neglect these two 
essentials and they will not fill the egg basket the next winter. It trees 
are not already in the yards plant them the following spring. Use 
fruit trees to get both shade for protection and fruit for chicken food 
and market. Plum and apple trees are excellent for this purpose. 
Peach trees make a more rapid growth and hence furnish shade quicker. 
If trees are not to be had. a very good shelter can be made by fastening 
an old door, or something of the kind, on legs about six inches long 
on one end and one foot on the other. Chickens do not like to take 
refuge in the house during the day, and something suitable should be 
provided to protect them from the sun’s rays. 
SOME DISEASES OF CHICKS. 
GAPES. 
This is probably one of the most serious causes of loss among chicks. 
It is caused by a small worm that accumulates in the windpipe until the 
chicks suffocate. The affected chicks constantly try to dislodge the 
worms by gaping and shaking the head. If the chick is quite large it 
can usually manage to throw off the disease. If, however, the disease at¬ 
tacks small chicks, they usually succumb to it, or become stunted. 
There are several ways of treating gapes, but in all cases the first 
thing to do is to separate the unaffected ones from the rest and move 
them to fresh ground as the disease spreads rapidly if this precaution is 
not taken. The common earth worm is said to be a means of spreading 
the disease as it is very frequently found to be a host for gape worms. 
If there is danger of gapes, use solid floors in all the coops and keep 
the chicks confined when there are many earth worms on the surface. 
Several patent devices for the treatment of gapes are on the market; 
some of them are very good for the purpose while others are of doubt¬ 
ful value. If the chicks are considered worth the trouble, the quill and 
turpentine treatment is probably about the best, and is used as follows: 
Dip a quill in turpentine and then insert it gently into the wind pipe. 
The quill must of course enter the wind pipe in order to effect any cure. 
The operator will see the opening of the wind pipe at the base of the 
throat. Numerous complaints are made that the treatment does no 
good because people frequently insert the quill into the gullet instead 
of the wind pipe. 
A looped horse hair may also be used for dislodging the gape worm. 
Insert it into the wind pipe; give it three or four turns and then re¬ 
move. after which the chick will cough up any worms that have been dis¬ 
lodged. 
