PIPRIDAE 
a# Wing less than two and one-half times tarsus, 
males with outermost primaries very narrow and 
bowed feathers of throat elongated* 
Manacus candel 
Wing at least three and one-half times tarsus, 
primaries normal, or if narrow not bowed; 
feathers of throat not elongated* 
b. Tail less than two-thirds of wing 
jc • Frontal feathers erect, stiffened, in adult 
male forming a short black tuft; lower end 
of tibia naked except in front; adult males 
with pale blue back and red crest* 
Chiroxiphia linear!s 
cc » Frontal feathers only semi-erect, not tufted 
but uniform with rest of pileum; lower end 
of tibia feathers; adult male without 
distinct crest* 
Plpra mentalis 
bb* Tail more than two-thirds of wing 
Schiffornis turdinus verae-pacis 
