fWOOBE’S BUBAL WEW-YORiER 
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iiiiim Hitsfonulrtt. 
TJRANSF0SB1ATI0N OF MILK-GLOBULES 
INTO l'UNGUS-OESMS. 
Tiik fromewli.it recent investigations of 
Dr. Gasman tlnow additional light on the 
transformation of milk-globules under cer- 
tiiin conditions into large fungus-germs, 
\vl idi speedily vegetate into a kind of /Vo i- 
ciUium. It is a subject not very well under¬ 
stood, and some account of Uastta x's ex¬ 
periments may lie of interest to dairymen. 
We give the lending features of this investi¬ 
gation as follow -: When some milk is placed 
iu a small vessel to the depth of about two 
inches, the larger milk-globules soon begin 
to collect on the . nrfuce of the llnid. After 
twenty-four hours or more (themilk being 
protected from dust by an inverted glass), 
the .surface is found to be yellowish and 
smooth —constituting the most superilieial 
stratum of a layer of cream, the under por¬ 
tions of which arc of an opaque white color. 
\\ lien rdl .-eiecl, this is found to lie on the 
surface of a bluish-white whey, containing 
soli, 1 lake.-, which, on microscopical exami¬ 
nation, are. ascertained to be eoinpoL-ed of 
precipitated e.-.seine iu a finely granular con¬ 
dition, mixed with small milk globules and 
iuult.il tides ot active Hnrfciin, Jutlus con¬ 
dition ii 1 j.-;-; u sour odor and an u< id reac¬ 
tion. The white stratum of cream, immedi¬ 
ately above, is composed almost, wholly of 
aggregated ami more or less unaltered milk- 
globules, mixed with myriads of Jinrt< riu, 
Dul it is in the superficial yellow stratum 
more especially that the mi!k globules 
found to be variously altered, mid in which 
some are being metamorphosed into fungus- 
germs. To recognize this satisfactorily, says 
Dr. B., requires great care and patience, and 
it is only possible by making an examination 
of specimens in which the I cans formation is 
in its earliest stages. 
Aller a fee. hours, owing lo the very rapid 
growth and repealed branching of the 1‘rui 
cullimn filament s t the superficial stratum is 
permeated by them iu all directions; and 
they are mixed up soon afterwurds with the 
large conidia which the lilameius are con¬ 
stantly throwing till, and which germinale 
in the r turn. Thu superficial si ratimu.li ;nld 
therefore be examined at the period when 
the globules are just beginning to bud into 
fiJarn ut.s A drop of distilled water should 
be placed ujiou an ordinary glass microscope 
slip, and a small quuuti< y of iho yet unal¬ 
tered cream should be added so us to dissem- 
inate its globules through the. Jluid. A cov¬ 
ering glass may I lieu .be applied, and allowed 
to Uoat somewhat freely on ilie* fluid. 
After u microscopical examination of the 
speciiuou, wiiii tin- view of aseerlainiug the 
state of the globules and the absence of ah 
apparent fitugus-gorms, the specimen should 
be carefully transferred to a damp clwjuber, 
which is thoroughly saturated with mois¬ 
ture, so as to prevent, as much na possible, 
the evaporation of the liuid from beunath 
Die covering glass. The specimen may then 
be examine d from time to time with a out - 
twelfth objective; and in I he course of from 
twenty-four to seventy - t>vo hours such 
changes will have occurred m many of Hie 
milk globules that they may be seen to have 
assumed a less refractive and more distinctly 
vesicular appearance, and to be giving birth 
to one, two, or even three buds from their 
periphery, which speedily glow into large 
diHsef linen ted mycelial lilainent«. 
The tact that so many corpuscles undergo 
a siinil.ii" change beneath the same covering 
glas-,; that these changes take place in cor¬ 
puscles which are so large as to be most easily 
observed, and that all stages may be detected 
between apparently unaltered milk-globules 
and the large fungus-germs into which they 
are transformed, make these observations 
absolutely convincing to any* one who has 
once witnessed them. They therefore be¬ 
come typical of many other changes which 
may lake place, but in which ,-fll the changes 
of I he transformation cannot, be so easily 
watched. Left to itself, the whole surface 
layer of milk in a short time becomes dense¬ 
ly interwoven with fungus filaments ; and 
multitudes of the conidia, which they are 
continually throwing off, are sown among 
Diem. Soon a white mildew may bo seen 
even with the naked eye, sprouting up from 
all points of the surface, and after a time it 
becomes covered with a perfect forest of 
Dr it ic i11 fn in iiliilirn m. 
Dr. Baktjan further remarks that these 
heterogenetic transformations may be much 
more easily seen in a minute portion of 
Neufcliatcl cream cheese. By placing a por¬ 
tion about the size of a pin’s head upon an 
ordinary glass slip, moistening it with dis¬ 
tilled water, and spreading it into a thin 
film, the changes which it undergoes can lie 
readily watched. When kept in (Ids moist, 
uncovered stale, in a damp chamber at a 
temperatureol fiir Faint, he found at the ex¬ 
piration of forty eight hours nearly one half 
of the fatty-looking mass had actually un¬ 
dergone sigmontation into fungus-germs, 
many of which had in their turn grown but 
into well developed filaments. 
These observations would seem to show 
that (ho fat globules are concerned in an 
especial manner in those transformations 
which enter into our processes for cheese 
making. It is well known that skim milk 
requires more rennet than new milk, because 
the buttery particles iu some way iiuhn-c a 
more rapid action of the rennet. When 
milk is impoverished or robbed of its 
cream, if too small a quantity .of rennet be 
used, the cheese will not euro so readily, and 
•s inclined to be hard, dry, white and crum¬ 
bly; but it is improved in these particulars 
by the use of more rennet. 
The investigations of Dr. Bastian, as here 
detailed, would seem to show that by re¬ 
moving llio cream we remove the most im¬ 
portant part of the milk on which the ren¬ 
net ferment acts, and hence we have a rea¬ 
son why poor milk, or milk deficient in 
cream, requires more rennet in cheese man¬ 
ufacture thuu milk rich in cream. The sub 
j"ct is one of considerable interest in a prac¬ 
tical point of view, and we shall refer to it 
iu another article. 
-*-*-♦- 
CHARACTER OF MILK FROM DISEASED 
cov/s. 
Wrc have referred, heretofore, in these col¬ 
umns to the inqioi lance of selecting healt hy 
animals from which to raise our dairy stock, 
and the consequences likely- to result in 
breeding from weakly or diseased animals. 
The subject is again brought to notice from 
a recent paragraph in the New York Tri¬ 
bune, giving the result of some experiments 
made, by the. French investigator, M. t 'li vo 
VKATT. According to the statement referred 
to, "M. Ch ATT VISA u has recently made sev- j 
eral observe! ions of the action upon healthy 
calves of milk from cows miHVo-ing f n „‘„ 
tuberculosis or phthisis. The calves were 
perfectly healthy , and after sixty day .-,’ feed¬ 
ing l hey were slaughtered. They were iheii 
found seriously diseased; numerous tubercles 
were found throughout the lymphatic sys¬ 
tem, and the lungs were full of caseous d ( .- 
pc.xity. Similar investigations by I »•-. Kurus 
al.'crmnn physician, resnlbrd similarly, and 
lie concludes that the infection first attacks 
tin; intestines, then the liver and the spleen 
and finally the lungs. Vigorous organisms 
may resist the infection or overcome its 
effects, but, the virus is contained in the 
iniik of diseased cows in proportion to their 
condition. Scrofula is thus eouummicuted 
lo a healthy animal by a diseased nurse. 
The virus is contained in the serum of the 
milk and is not destroyed by boiling.” 
In raising stock for our own dairy, wr¬ 
iting since observed that constitutional de¬ 
fects and a tendency to disease in the parent 
animal were very liable to be transmitted 
to the offspring; and particularly was this 
the ease in animals disposed to scrofulous 
atfeetions. Cows that haven milky habit ” 
are not up frequently taxed to their utmost 
capacity of strength and endurance In the 
production of milk, and they not (infre¬ 
quently break down early, unable to meet 
the drain on their vitality, unless of robust 
constitution and free from a hereditary ten¬ 
dency to disease. But apart from tin- losses 
liable to be took 1 
with scrofuia or other discuses, there arc 
considerations of a sanitary otuime.tcr which 
cannot be overlooked when the milk ..f sm-h 
COWS i- employed for human consumption. 
if tiie statements be true concerning "the 
eifect which this description of milk has 
upon.calves, is it not reasonable to suppose 
that it would be injurious as an article of 
human food I Again, if the virus i? nut de¬ 
stroyed l y boiling, is t here not a reasonable 
supposition that it is carried into the dairy 
products made from such milk, and thus 
may become a fruitful source of disease- 1 
We have long held the opinion that this is 
the ease, and have therefore urged upon 
dairymen thn necessity of weeding from the 
lierds all weakly or sickly disposed animals 
ilie question is n very important one for the 
consideration of dairymen, and one which 
demands earnest attention from all ihom.-ht- 
iul men, since milk, butter and dices.* enters 
so largely into const! nipt ion. 
. Wo are convinced that a large number of 1 
chary men are entirely unacquainted with 
the facts here detailed. They should be gen 
eiullj known, so that faults now common in 
practice may be avoided; and with this i 
view we urge the subject, upon the attention 
ot Miiirymcu now, ut the eoiinneiiceiuenfc of 
The fliurywifc j-eu&on, that action may be 
i.-tkeu accordingly, both as to the selection 
o calves lo be reared and the employment 
ol unhealthy milk for the manufacture of 
dairy products. 
$hc fJouIttpi §<i[d. 
BREEDING OF CANARIES. 
In reply lo M.vriv S, Vaughn's inquiry for 
information in regard to the breeding and 
management of young eararieH, L will offer 
some suggestions that possibly may be ap¬ 
preciated by M. S. V, and others. In selecting 
birds for mating, it is sometimes rather 
dillieult t o procure a pair t hat will mate well 
together; and particularly so, when in 
breeding an attempt to procure a desired 
color or sex is proposed ; for these can be 
controlled, lo a great extent, by the observ¬ 
ance of certain rules in selecting birds for 
breeding. 
There are two kinds of canaries, distin¬ 
guished from each other as the long and 
short breed. They are easily known even 
by the uninitiated in bird lore ; for ns their 
names implies, the long breed birds are long 
and slim, while tile others are comparatively 
short. The long breeds are generally ac¬ 
knowledged In be the best singers, and yet, 
us may be proved at many a house, among 
the short breeds are some remarkably sweet 
singers. 
The canary, without the best of care and 
perfect cleanliness, seems to be very suscep¬ 
tible to disease; and even with good care, 
the slightest, thing will too often cause troub¬ 
le with the favorite an overheated room, 
or a cold draft., will frequent ly cause an irre¬ 
parable injury, or death ; soiled perches, a 
hair, or piece of fine thread, will cause sore 
feet am I lameness, with occasional loss of a 
foot or toe. 
, Ignorance of the ill elfects of inattent ive 
feeding, is also a prolific source of disease. 
Thus, bempseed, of which the birds are re¬ 
markably fond, will tend to diarrhea. Rape 
seed, will cause too much fatness, often 
earning apoplexy and vertigo. Bread and 
milk, also boiled eggs, tends to produce eos- 
ttveness. In order to keep birds in health, 
they must lie. constantly watched, and the 
first symptom of disease immediately checked 
—usually by a proper change of loud. 
The. f. od of full grown can- ries .should 
consist principally of canary need, alt*-mating 
every day or two, pJiin and mixed, one- 
third rape seed—occasionally a piece of 
sweet apple, ehiekwc.e.l, or lump of sugar— 
never c nittiag the cuttle-fish and fresh 
Wat ■!*, and when called for, to relieve di-ea.se 
by fee-ling for a diarrhea, hard boiled egg 
chopped fine, bread and milk, or crushed 
miiskmclon seed, mixed with the yolk of a 
hard boiled egg, and for costive')ess, giving 
t hem some hemp so il. Never, at any time, 
let your birds, eithei young or old, sick or 
well, be wit limit seed either plain, or mixed 
—the latter preferred—giving it plain hut 
occasionally. 
It is a generally accepted rule, that the 
dark birds are the strongest, and thus less 
liable, to disease. This rule is corroborated 
in my experience with canaries, even a dark 
ring or spot, indicating a degree of liardines -. 
In breeding, the color usually seen s to 
follow the male—a, dark male producin'*" a 
majority of dark lords, and a light male of 
light ones. From an almost white female, 
and dark male, I have two beautiful and 
oddly marked birds—dark color predominat¬ 
ing—-with a third one the exact counterpart 
of the male. It is said that with the female 
being 1 he oldest, a majority of males will be 
(he result. This rule I have not yet proved 
to my satisfaction, nor dare I even suggest 
that it might not lie correct. 
Crested, or top-knot birds, should never he 
mated together, otherwise, the result would 
be Imld-headed birds. Before putting tile 
birds into a breeding cage, which should not 
be smaller than 30x1-1x11 inches, but the 
larger the better—the cage should be thor¬ 
oughly cleaned, and a nest put in the cage, 
after being properly prepared by partly fill¬ 
ing with moss or soft material, and lining 
with three or more thicknesses of soft mus¬ 
lin, sew ing if fast, and making the nest deep. 
\ strawberry basket is probably as good for 
the nest as anything that can be had. I 
prefer them to anything else. The nest 
should be placed so it can be easily lifted out, 
and in a back corner of the cage, near the 
top-covering, the top and end of the cage as 
low down as the bottom of the nest, with a 
piece, of muslin, and placing the cage in a 
pleasant, and comfortable cool part of the 
room, out of the kitchen if possible, but not 
in a cold room, and high enough to be out of 
reach of all children, or curious people ; 
for during the season of mating, and more 
particularly if setting, they must not be 
disturbed. The nest must not be looked into, 
nor the eggs touched, 
Before placing the birds in the breeding 
' - ! ge, they should bu bung by each Other in 
separate cages for a day or two, t hat they 
m;;.v become sutm-what acquaint'd with each 
other—they may then bo placed in the 
breeding cage, and when they begin feeding 
eaeh other it may be known that they have 
paired. \\ hen they show a disposition to 
work at the nest, cut up a small handful of 
muslin in small pieces, and throw in the 
bottom of the cage, for they like the satis- 
facUuh of finishing otf their nest themselves. 
Fourteen days from the time that setting 
j commences, the appearance of young birds 
may be expected. They should he kept, if 
possible, in the breeding cage four weeks, 
wiicii they may ail lie put into another cage 
and soil, food, mixed seed and water, kept 
constantly bciuro them. Should the mule 
become cross towards the young birds, he 
iirnst be taken out, nulil the young are able 
lo eat. They may then be taken out, and 
Die male put in again if it is desired to have 
a second nest hatched; but if they all live 
pleasantly together, it, Often happens that 
t he female will show a desire to lay for a 
second hatch, before the young birds are out 
of the nest. Iu this ease, it is necessary to 
try three or four plans, before getting things 
satisfactorily arranged. I would first not 
Die nest ol birds oil the bottom of the cage, 
directly under where they hung, and place 
in Dm cage, in the place of and over the old 
one, a new nest. If she still persists in going 
on the old nest, it must be taken out of the 
cage and sight of the old one, and fed by 
hand until they are able to eat, alone. In 
feeding birds thus, use a small blunt stick—a 
little notch cut in the end -and with this 
put ting bits of food, and drops of water into 
their mouths, feeding them four or five 
times a day. if from any cause the birds 
neglect to feed their young, they must bo 
taken away and reared by hand. 
Attention must bo given to tlm food of 
both young and old throughout the entire 
-ca.- oii of mating, but whatever other food 
they iu«y have, they need at all times mixed 
-ced and fresh water. From the t ime they 
are put in the cage, until the female com¬ 
mences setting, give them every day a little 
bard burled egg chopped fine, and mixed 
with a little pounded rape seed, (luring 
setting, leave t he mixture of pounded rape 
seeil out every other time, giving simply the 
egg chopped fine, As goon as the young are 
hatched, prepare the soft food as follows: 
Fqnai quantities of powdered crackers, 
pounded rape seed, and chopped egg, mixed 
to the consistency of ole v, with the yolk of a 
raw egg, anil a little water, keeping a supply 
constantly in tie* cage, and being very care¬ 
ful not to allow any sour food to get to the 
birds ; for it is death to them. 
1 would place the birds together very early 
in the season—perhaps early in February, 
They will frequently mate as early as Janu¬ 
ary, or as late its July ; but the early spring 
is much the best time, and if commenced 
thus early, they may continue for three or 
four nests in succession, if they are kept, in 
health ; bub under the most favorable cir¬ 
cumstances, 1 would not advise over four 
nests in a season. I have a female that in¬ 
variably lays live eggs for a setting, and is 
now flatting on her second live this season. 
When the young have been kept away from 
the old birds long enough to forget thuu, 
they may be kept, iu tlus same room, but out 
of sight of the old, if they tiro preparing for 
n second nest. They will learn to sing from 
hearing the other birds. Keep the bath tub 
out of the cage during setting and rearing 
of the young, at other times give thorn, both 
the young and old, opportunity to bathe 
every day. If possible it is well to let the 
young birds out *u the room every day—ex¬ 
cept when the breeding cage i s occupied. 
Wince I have commenced several more 
points t han l have mentioned have occurred 
to me, rolfttiv * to diseases, moulting, taming 
of the young, cross breeding, &c., but I fear 
Mr. Editor 1 have encroached too much upon 
your kindness, and I will forbear for the 
present. 
It there are. uny or other points upon 
which M, 8. V, or others would like further 
or more definite information, l shall bo hap¬ 
py at any time to reply to them. w. n. s. 
Morristown, N. J. 
---. 
Ukns Fay in Winter.—W ill it pay to have 
hoi is lay in winter ? We think it will, for we 
get from 35 to 35 cents per dozen for eggs, 
and I think it is more in the keeping than in 
the breeds to accomplish this end ; for wo 
have tried different, breeds, with the same 
result. We always have plenty of eggs in 
winter. We huve thirty hens and two 
coelcs, and have not lost, any through the 
winter. They are now a mixed breed of 
Roland, Bed might, Brahma and Dominique. 
They have laved, from Jan. 7th to April 1st, 
three months, 70 dozen eggs, which, at the 
market, price in Saratoga Springs, would 
bring s-JR and they lay well through the 
summer.—s. s. w. 
q§gc ~ - ^ 
