NEW YORK, AND ROCHESTER, N. Y, AU( 
i PRICE six CENTS 
1 S2.50 PER YEAR. 
[Enured according to Act of Congress. In the year 1874, by the liural Publtstung Co mpany, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.] 
thrown back again in two heaps, and again 
back to one, as first described, so that the 
various materials may be thoroughly incor¬ 
porated together. 
The mixture is now ready for use, and 
should bo at once wheeled to the building 
and thrown into the trench or mold, as the 
■use may be. 
Cement Concrete (chiefly for Walls above 
Ground.)— This is made In exactly the same 
manner as previously described for lime con¬ 
crete, and the materials are used in the same 
proportions. The only difference is, that 
cement is used in the place of lime as the 
binding material, and the rough materials 
are reduced to a smaller size than for lime 
concrete. It should bo observed, however, 
that the smaller the rough materials are 
broken up the stronger will he the concrete. 
BUILDING WALLS WITH CONCRETE. 
1. Without, a Patent Apparatus.—Tho 
simplest method of building with concrete is 
illustrated by the following figures—l, 8: 
Firmly fix stout wooden uprights, say by 
9 inches’ at each angle of the building, and at 
the junction of cross or division walls. They 
should be kept ut one uniform width apart, 
either with bolts or cross-pieces of wood ; 
they should also be stiffened with stays from 
the ground, so as to keep them perfectly 
steady and upright. 
Two 3 by 11 inch planks, one for each face 
Of the wall (or four 3 by T inch deals, i. e., 
two for each face, each pair firmly secured 
with lodges), are required to form a trench 
the whole length and width of the intended 
wall. 
A piece of iron, suited to the thickness of 
the wall, dropped over the planks at inter 
mediate distances between the uprights and 
wedged up (see lig. 9), will prevent the 
planks from being bulged out by the pressure 
of the concrete ; a few such pieces, to suit (i- 
ineli or 9-inch walls, could easily be made by 
any village blacksmith of light bar iron. 
When the trench is filled wit h concrete up 
to the ground line, and above that to the 
top of the planks, they should be moved 
higher up, and secured with counter wedges 
(see fig. 3 (9)). The lower edges of tho planks 
should be allowed to cover the concrete 
about an inch and a half, so as bo securely 
confine tho next layer of concrete, and pre¬ 
vent any oozing out. it will be observed 
that the trench being shallow it may be filled 
in a day, thus allowing the concrete to set 
during tho night,, so that the trench may be 
ready for moving higher up the next morn¬ 
ing for refilling, The sides, too, being only a 
single plank, will be lighter and more handy 
to move up and down than if made up of 
two or throe iu depth ; theshallownessef the 
trench (only 9 or 10 inches deep) will enable 
an unskilled laborer to fill it in better with 
the concrete, and so make better work. It 
will also be more open to supervision, al¬ 
though the rate of progress will not bo quite 
so fast as if the trench hud been 18 inches 
deep ; but where unskilled workmen (such 
as farm laborers) are employed, the slower 
rate of progress will be advantageous because 
more sure. 
I should mention that no scaffold-poles will 
be required, as strong wood brackets cun be 
secured to the wood uprights to carry the 
scaffold-planks. 
Special provision will have to be made for 
fireplaces and for gables ; this could be ar¬ 
ranged by the managing man, who should 
be a carpenter. Door and window frames 
should be built iu, partially driving a few 
nails in at the backs of the l mmes, so as to 
take a firm hold of the concrete. Joists too 
CONCRETE BUILDING 
Although the Rural New-Yorkkk has 
heretofore contained much information re¬ 
lating to concrete buildings, we are disposed 
(in consequence of constantly recurring in¬ 
quiries) to give details whenever it is practi¬ 
cable and seems necessary. The following 
details and illustrations accompanying will 
help our readers to a better knowledge, per¬ 
haps, of the way concrete buildings are 
made. It is from a report by Air. G. Hunt : 
MAKING CONCRETE. 
Lime Concrete (chiefl for Foundations). 
—We will suppose that the position of the 
intended building is staked out, that the 
trenches for the foundations are dug, and 
that the several materials of which it is in¬ 
tended to make the concrete arc upon the 
spot. 
Two mixing-boards are required, a useful 
size being about 13 feet by 7 feet; but this 
will depend greatly upon the natmo and ex¬ 
tent of the proposed building. They should 
be made of 3-inch planks, firmly seemed to 
cross-sleepers, without 
sides, so as to form a 
good, firm, and solid 
fioor upon which to 
mix the concrete. 
The larger materials 
must be broken up to 
about the size of a 
heu's egg, or walnut> 
and deposited iu heaps 
around the mixing- 
boards, conveniently 
within reach; a plank 
is laid from each heap 
to the board, and also 
toward the building, 
so as to facilitate 
wheeling. The men 
should now proceed to 
wheel on to the mix¬ 
ing-board so much of 
the materials at hand 
as can be conveniently 
turned by four men ; 
two of the men would 
wheel the stuff on, 
while the other two 
would spread it even¬ 
ly, thus depositing the 
whole in layers. 
X must again men¬ 
tion that the lime 
should be thoroughly 
slaked, the proportions 
being one part lime to 
six or seveu of broken 
material, both large 
and small. 
Those should now be 
thoroughly mixed to¬ 
gether in a dry state 
by turning the mass 
over twice. Commenc¬ 
ing at the center and 
throwing over toward 
the right and left, the 
mass would be divided 
into two heaps, which 
should be again 
9 . WAlt 
3. WALL 
«uus, so as to secure 
them to the concrete, 
and form a perfect tie 
from wall to wall. In 
the case of any open¬ 
ing being required, 
such as fire-places or 
arches, & o., wood 
cores or molds made 
tapering should be 
used, so as to be after¬ 
wards easily w i fc h - 
drawn when the con¬ 
crete was sot; wood 
cores will be required 
for chimney Hues, 
which may be either 
round, square, or oval, 
and by the same 
means air-flues or 
other openings for 
ventilation can be 
easily formed as the 
work proceeds. 
Thu face of concrete 
being smooth, no pur¬ 
ge 11 i n g will bo re- 
quired for flues, and 
also one coat of plas¬ 
tering to walls will be 
saved. Tho floors of 
kitchens, <&c., if form¬ 
ed with concrete, will 
be drier and warmer 
than either tiles or 
stone. Concrete also 
makes a good floor for 
barns, cow-houses and 
sheds. 
As concrete (If made 
of Portland cement 
and tolerably fine bro¬ 
ken material) is imper¬ 
vious to moisture, it is 
evident that it will 
make both a drier and 
warmer house than 
one built of brickwork 
or stone, both of 
which materials hold 
a great deal of mois¬ 
ture. 
Fig. 1 shows a very 
3X11. PLANK 
MON CUP 
IIION CLIP 
3X/1. PLANK 
Fig. 8—Elevation 
mtens 
w/rccfs 
pl nan 
LINE 
Fig. 1.—Work in Concrete, 
Fig. 2.—Work in Concrete 
