for, individui 
are 
^aii[g Huskmlrg. 
CONVENTION OF CANADIAN DAIRYMEN. 
The- Eighth Annual Convention of the 
Dairymen’s Association of Ontario occurred 
at Ingersall, Canada, February 10th and 11th. 
It was the largest gathering of dairymen 
that has ever been had in Canada, the Town 
Hall at Ingersall having been densely packed 
during all the sessions of the Convention. In 
the absence of the President, K. Graham, 
M. P. P., of Belleville, the Vice-President, 
Adam Oliver, M. P. P., occupied the chair. 
The morning session of the 10th was, as 
usual, devoted to business matters, the ap¬ 
pointing of committees and in getting the 
Convention in good running order. On the 
assembling of the Convention in the after¬ 
noon, first in order was the 
ADDRESS Of PROF. J. T. BELIE 
of Albert University, on “ Canada in the 
Dairy and in the Market.” Ho commenced 
by referring to the steady advnuec of the 
dairy interest in Canada and the readiness 
of Canadian dairymen to adopt auy improve¬ 
ment of au economical and practical char¬ 
acter for the furtherance of their business. 
The number of factories in and about Belle¬ 
ville at the commencement of 1873 was 40, 
and during the past year a number more had 
been erected, and all were in successful 
operation. 
At the last meeting of the Association, in 
February, 1874, he had stated that the 
amount of cheese shipped at Belleville sta¬ 
tion, on the Grand Trunk Railroad, during 
the year 1873 was 58,71 1 boxes, containing 
net 3,085,112 pounds, bearing an average price 
of 11% cents per pound, and representing a 
value of $412,700. During the past season 
the shipments were somewhat less, but this 
was owing to the fact that a portion of the 
shipments this year had been made at other 
stations. Mr. Watkins, one of the leading 
cheese dealers of Belleville, estimated the 
amount of cheese manufactured in that vi¬ 
cinity at no less than 100,UU0 boxes. He 
estimated that the value of cheese exported 
from the western part of the Province during 
the past year would reach *1,500,000 ; in the 
eastern section about $000,000, and in the 
Belleville district about $000,000, making the 
total exports of Canada in 1874 to be no less 
than $3,000,000 in value. The speaker did 
not give the amount of cheese manufactured 
in the Province, but as the exports during 
the past year have been in the neighborhood 
of 30,000,000 pounds, those best acquainted 
with the product say that the total amount 
manufactured will range from 25,000,000 to 
30,000,000 of pounds. This is a vast increase 
In production, considering the short time in 
which the dairy business has been prosecuted 
in the Province. 
CHEESE NEEDED ABROAD. 
In regard to the limits of American ex¬ 
ports, he gave statistics of the amount of 
cheese needed in Britain, and said America 
could still export to the extent of 600,000,000 
pouuds more than at present, and then only 
reach the limit of the foreign demand. 
Holland and Belgium now supply England to 
some extent. He gave a description of Dutch 
cheese, and said it was generally of poor 
quality, being made for the most part of 
skimmed milk; hence.Canada had little to 
fear in competion with this class of cheese. 
The real competition is with cheese from the 
United States, and with the home make of 
England. Canada should moke it an object 
to produce a oheese of uniform quality and 
not try to compete with fancy varieties 
made in England. Canada cheese has ob¬ 
tained a good reputation abroad, and it 
should be the aim of Canadian dairymen to 
retain and improve upon that reputation. 
THE BEST DAIRY STOCK. 
He said the most approved dairy stock in 
Canada was the Short-Horn and Ayrshire, 
crossed with the common cows of the 
country. He eulogized the Ayrshire, and 
thought for all purposes it was best adapted 
to the soil and climate of Canada, at least so 
far as the dairy interest is concerned. He 
preferred a pure-bred animal, but next to 
this was a cross on the native or common 
cow of the country. 
TREATMENT OE DAIRY COWS. 
This point was very fully discussed. Kind¬ 
ness, care and judicious management were 
urged, in dealing with the cow as a milk- i i 
producing machine, the nature of the pro- i 
duct and the effect of certain food upon it I 
must be taken into account. The substances < 
found in milk must be supplied by the food 1 
in addition to supporting the animal. Milk s 
is obtained by the surplus of food after the 1 
cow’s own wants are satisfied. In the spring 
the tender grasses furnish all that is needed, 
but as the season advances the dry, tough 
- fiber of pastures creates a need for an abund- 
• ant supply of water. Cows should never be 
allowed to drink from stagnant pools; the 
1 water should be fresh and pure, and if run- 
1 ning streams or spriugs could not be had, 
wells shonkl be sunk and the water pumped. 
1 A few patrons, by not attending to water, or 
by neglect in the treatment of stock, could 
spoil the reputation of any factory, even 
though the great majority of the patrons de¬ 
livered milk that was unexceptionable. In 
fall, pastures begin to fail, and the feed 
should be supplemented with corn fodder, 
linseed cake, cotton seed and rape cake, bran, 
corn meal, and such like food. A bran 
mash, with a pint of flaxseed, was valuable 
in cases of constipation, fully restoring the 
animals to health. 
THE DUTY OF PATRONS AND fACTORYMEN. 
The relations between patron aud factory 
were enlarged upon. The former must sup¬ 
ply the best material. Neglect or careless¬ 
ness in all things pertaining to the delivery 
of milk in good order is not t* be tolerated. 
The factory must be conducted to the best 
advantage. It is the duty of the manuf ac- 
turer to do the best he can ; he must adopt 
the best methods. He must make himself 
familiar with the best flavor and texture of 
goods in market; he must note diligently 
all changes, aud when faults occur they 
should be charged home upon the guilty 
parties. In the Belleville district he noticed 
the manufacturers were boasting in regard 
to the small quantity of milk required to 
make a pound of elicese. Such a course was 
not to be commended. It led to deceit. 
DRAWING MILK ONCE OR TWICE A OAT. 
lie advocated the drawing of milk to the 
factory twice a day, on the ground that milk 
can be better taken care of at the factory 
than at the farm, and also because if the 
milk is kept over mghjb there is strong temp¬ 
tation to remove the cream that rises and 
thus impoverish the milk. The only valid 
argument for “ once a day delivery ” is the 
saving of expense in hauling the milk ; but 
this should not be allowed to outweigh the 
consideration adduced in favor of twicc-a- 
day delivery. Ho denounced skimming and 
skimmed chBese, and thought the manufac¬ 
ture of such goods in Canada would do great 
harm to the reputation and sale of Canadian 
oheese. 
THE GRASSES IN CANADA. 
lie said the Hon. Robert Reed had af¬ 
firmed that the grasses in Canada were more 
nutritious than those of Britain. He urged 
that all pastures should be cleansed of foul 
weeds, and that the lands be improved by 
manuring and by irrigation when the latter 
could be readily adopted. 
RAISIHO DAIRY COWS AS A SPECIALTY. 
Whether it is best for a dairy farmer to 
raise his own milch cows or purchase, he 
said, depends upon circumstances, but it was 
clear to his mind that the establishment of 
large breeding farms for the supply of dairy 
stock would prove a benefit to the country 
and be profitable. The fact is patent that 
dairy cows are more difficult to be had than 
formerly. Prices, too, are higher. If a man 
has a good breed of cows it might be advis¬ 
able for him to raise stock ; but if the breed 
was poor, breeding better be left alone, in 
the establishment of breeding farms the best 
strains of milch stock could be selected, and 
by skill in breeding, a superior class of cows 
would in time be distributed throughout the 
daily districts. 
THE CANADIAN BUTTER PRODUCT. 
He advocated an increase of butter produc¬ 
tion, The cheese factories had absorbed 
many of the butter dairies, and butter now 
in Canada was scarce and dear. The price 
to-day is from 27c. to 30c., and even higher 
for extra qualities. 
The exports of butter during the past year 
he put at 10,000,000 pounds. la 1872 they 
were 10,000,000 pounds — that is to say. the 1 
exports from 1860 to 1872 were annually 
double what they are at present. There had j 
also been a considerable advance in the price 
of mutton and beef. There was no reason 
why a large trade should not be done in but- | 
ter as well as in cheese. 
MILK SUGAR. 
In conclusion he referred to the manufac¬ 
ture of milk sugar, and said it had the valu¬ 
able quality of not fermenting or souring on 
the stomach. It was made from whey by 
boiling—a few willow twigs being stretched | 
across the boiler upon which the sugar crys- I 
talized. They were then taken off and the 
sugar washed in water, when it was ready 
for market.—[To be continued. 
$h(j Helmut. 
BLACK-LEG IN CATTLE. 
The Prairie Farmer, in answer to a corres¬ 
pondent asking for information in regard to 
black-leg in cattle, says :—Having frequently 
, given the causes and symptoms of this dis 
ease, and presuming that most of our readers 
have seen such cases, we omit describing 
the same for the present. The duration of 
the ailment is rarely more thantwe.lv* hours ; 
but in exceptional instances it will last from 
twenty-four to thirty-six hours, and now 
and then take on a sub acute character ; in 
this latter case the swellings burst and 
discharge a thin and foetid fluid, leaving 
very troublesome ulcerated sores, which are 
difficult to heal. In any case lasting over 
forty-eight hours, hopes may be entertained 
of a recovery. Treatment of black-leg is 
rarely of an effectual character, from its 
running its course so rapidly. When seen 
and recognized in the earliest stage, no time 
should be lost in abstracting blood to as 
great an extent as the size aud condition of 
the animal will allow ; hut if the disease has 
advanced, and much swelling ensued, bleed¬ 
ing will do more harm than good. Active 
J purgation must next be resorted to ; but 
owing to the great disturbance in the vascu¬ 
lar system, and the want of vitality in the 
digestive organs, u much stronger dose will 
bo required than in ordinary affections. 
Croton seeds in powder, 10 grains ; solution 
of aloes (boiling water, 4 ounces ; aloes, 4 
drachms ; common salt, 4 drachms), 6 ounces ; 
powdered ginger, 2 drachms. This may be 
given in a quart of warm ale, with which 
may be united a small quantity of yeast, 
which will not only tend to increase the 
action of the medicine, but also act as a cor¬ 
rective of the disposition to gangrene which 
exists in the system. This may be followed 
up with stimulants given every two hours. 
Nitrous ether, l ounce ; tincture of gentian, 
2 drachms; given in a little warm ale. 
Local applications to the swelled parts are 
useless, aud to expect success a much more 
energetic treatment must be had recourse to. 
A strong lancet or strong penknife should be 
taken, and bold and deep incisions made in 
the swellings at intervals of about un inch 
and a half, and the punctures thus made 
dressed with spirits of turpentine. Any 
subsequent sloughing of the skin may be 
treated with dressings of the ordinary oint¬ 
ment of turpentine. 
We repeat that the chances of succeas in 
the treatment of black-leg are so small, 
that, practically speaking, it may be regarded 
as incurable. Prevention, however, is more 
in the power of the breeder, and to this we 
would draw his most serious attention. 
The young animals should bo closely watched, 
and any predisposition to plethora of the 
system should be checked by bleeding, 
physicing, &c., and a sparer diet. Upon 
losing one or more, active measures should 
be adopted with the remainder. They 
should all be bled, physieed, and a seton 
inserted in the dewlap. In addition to these 
precautions, an ounce of niter may be given 
to each, once a week. 
---- 
FEEDING MILCH COWS TURNIPS. 
I READ in Rural New-Yorker of late 
quite a good deal said about feeding turnips 
to cows giving milk and of turnipy butter. 
Also I read of a remedy or rather a prevent¬ 
ive, which is feeding meal with them. I 
have a neighbor who has fed turnips to his 
cows three times a day since last fail, giving 
a liberal feed of meal at each time. He says 
there is no turnip taHte to the milk or butter. 
I had occasion to try some of his butter in 
my family a few days since, and we all 
detected a turnip flavor immediately ; in 
fact some even refusing to eat it at all. I 
have one cow giving milk which I commenced 
feeding turnips in the fall as soon as time to 
gather aud have fed about a half bushel once 
a day, so far all winter. I have been very 
particular to feed in the morning imme¬ 
diately ufter milking, giving no feed only a 
slop of meal or bran twice a day, I will 
defy the most delicate taste to detect any 
turnip flavor in either milk or butter. My 
opinion is that some feed too many or too 
often and no amount of meal or feed will 
prevent the flavor; but if a reasonable 
amount be given in the morning after milk¬ 
ing, good will result. J. C. Lyon. 
Chemung Co., N. Y. 
-4-f4-- 
NOTES FOB HERDSMEN. 
Escutcheons on Cows. —Referring to your 
remarks in connection with those of A. B. 
Allen, in Rural of Oct. 17, I will say that 
during the past 25 years I have selected 
nearly 100 cows from droves and in different 
sections of the Country and huve never 
failed to select good cows with but one 
single exception aud it soon became evident 
that tins cow had sustained a severe injury 
to her bag. 1 have also examined the cows 
of several large dairies, as a matter of test 
and have invariably selected the best cows 
on first sight. I can even grade them 
approximately. I am guided in the main by 
the Guenon system. I purchased a transla¬ 
tion of Guenon's work about 25 years ago 
and studied it thoroughly. If a person in¬ 
tends to keep even but a single cow it will 
pay him to master this Bystem.— Wacautah. 
ISuylny a Jersey Bull,— I would like to 
have you, or some of your numerous corres¬ 
pondents, answer the following question : 
Would it be advisable for a small farmer, of 
moderate means, keeping from ten to fifteen 
good native cows to buy a Jersey Bull (pay¬ 
ing from fifty to one hundred dollars for a 
calf) thinking to improve Iris dairy for mak¬ 
ing butter i An answer to the above question 
by some one who has had experience, and is 
not interested in the sale of such stock, will 
be thankfully received by at least ouo— Sub¬ 
scriber, St, Lawrence Co., rV. Y. 
OtJR own judgment is that it will pay. 
Remedy for Lice on Cattle.— The latest we 
have seen is this, given by a correspondent 
of the Practical Farmer “ A good remedy 
to destroy lice on cattle is water in which 
potatoes were boiled. For every one of your 
cattle take two quarts of water ami eight 
middle sized potatoes cut in half. If you 
have ten cattle, you must take 80 potatoes 
and 20 quarts of water. When the potatoes 
are soft take them out; get a large sponge 
and wash your cattle freely, choosing a 
warm day. Comb them with a currycomb, 
and you will be astonished to see the effects 
of the potato water.” 
The Trade in Short-Horns for Southern 
farms seems to be rapidly increasing, judging 
by the reports of sales we see. Many thor¬ 
oughbreds are going to Texas for the purpose 
of improving the uative herds by crossing. 
This is important and likely to prove an 
exceedingly profitable investment, not only 
for the Texan herdsmen but for consumers 
of beef. The Western plains are yet to 
furnish magnificent herds for Eastern con¬ 
sumption. 
Onions for Toung Stock.— Mr. 8. Hunt 
says: ‘“I use all my large necked onions 
for feed for young stock ; they are very fond 
of them ; they give an appetite aud will 
keep off or rid an auimal of lice.” 
Uafuralist. 
HOW OY8TEB8 ABE BORN. 
Prof. Lockwood, in Popular Science 
Monthly, says Our bivalve, however, does 
not spawn after the manner of mollusks 
generally. It is in its own way viviparous.* 
It does not emit eggs ; but, at the proper 
time, sends forth its young alive. The eggs 
are dislodged from the ovaries, and commit¬ 
ted to the nureing care of the gill and mantel. 
At first, each egg seems to be inclosed in a 
capsule. It is of a yellowish color ; but, as 
incubation or development progresses, the 
color changes, firs* to a gray, then to a brown, 
afterward to a violet. This is a sign that the 
time of eviction is at hand ,- for Nature now 
issues her writ to that effect. And wonder¬ 
ful little beings they are when the writ 
arrives to vacate the hornstead ; for whole 
troops of them can go gracefully, and with¬ 
out jostling, through the maziest evolutions 
in that tiniest sphere—a drop of water. 
As cited by F. W. Fellowes, in the Ameri¬ 
can Naturalist, says M. Davaine ; “Nothing 
is more curious than to see, under- the micro¬ 
scope, these little mollusks travel in a drop 
of water, in vast numbers, mutually avoiding 
one another, crossing each other’s track in 
every direction, with a wonderful rapidity, 
never touching; and never meeting.” The 
jiarent oyster has, indeed, a prodigious fami¬ 
ly to turn out upon the world. But when 
this time does come, though winter be near, 
her actions are summary, and the wee bairns 
are every one ordered from home. They are 
spit forth, or ejected from the shell. Filled 
with water, the valves are suddenly .snapped 
together. Every snap emits a small, whitish 
cloud. Though a little of the milky fluid be 
------ -—-) " “V WVUUU 
the oyster’s offspring ' Science, by her own 
methods, has made the computation ; and 
so she gives us the astounding assurance that 
a single oyster, during one spawning-season, 
emits two million embryos ! 
