of the money on such sale in proportion to 
the quantity of milk delivered, less the sura 
charged for manufacturing. For manufac¬ 
turing and furnishing, when the milk is used 
for cheese, from $1.75 to *2 per 100 lbs. is 
charged. If tho milk is turned for butter 
making, tlfe charge is from 4c. to 5c. per lb.; 
and if skim cheese is made in connection 
with the butter, say 2c. per lb. is charged 
for that. These charges are supposed to be 
sufficient to pay the wages of tho manufac¬ 
turer and his assistants, together with the 
ducts and glands, and their several functions 
—in a word, the entire subject of milk, 
viewed physiologically, was reviewed. Mr. 
Willard then proceeded to consider milk, 
commercially, as the source of butter and 
cheese. Its relation to both these products 
was pointed out with scientific nocuracy, and 
many important matters having a practical 
bearing on the dairy business were forcibly 
and lucidly treated. Reference was made to 
the manufacture of artificial butter, now 
known by the name of oleomargarine. To 
sell this as genuine butter is reprehensible, 
I,,,fr in nut- it on the market in its true ebar- 
A. Pettyorew says on this subject:—It 
has not, we think, been proven that bees ev¬ 
er sleep. We have never seen one either in 
winter or summer asleep. Analogy and their 
very active iudustrious habits would lead to 
the belief that they <lo sleep. When, where 
and how they sleep, we have hitherto been 
miable to discover. In summer they work 
both night and day, and uever seem to tire. 
In curly life wo thought they worked harder 
after a day of rest—that is to say, if weather 
kept all at home for twenty-four hours they 
were recruited in strength and vigor, and 
worked better the day following. In later 
years we have considered that in the absence 
of outdoor labor more work was done in the 
hive. When weather is favorable and honey 
abundant we know that frequently honey is 
gathered into hives faster than the indoor 
laborers cau manage—It accumulates too 
fast on their hands. The cessation of out 
door work for a time enables the bees to 
remove the accumulations of honey from the 
center combs, and store it up in their outer 
and upper edges. Thus the domestic arrange¬ 
ments are advuueed, and room made for 
more honey, and more laborers are set at 
liberty to gather it. When bees have no 
An animated discussion was uuu ^ 
whether corn fodder made a good supple¬ 
mentary food for cows when grass begins to 
fail in summer. 
Mr Balantine had never heard that corn 
fodder was objectionable. He regarded it as 
a valuable supplementary food, and coming 
as it did when pastures begin to fail, it was 
particularly useful. Mr. Farrington spoke 
also in its favor. He said in Canada there 
was no alternative when other feed fails : it 
was corn fodder or nothing. In his experi¬ 
ence he hail, by feeding the fodder-corn, 
kept cows up to their usnal flow of milk, and 
he had never observed that the quality of 
milk was injured on this food. Mr. Burrell 
and others gave their testimony in favor of 
com fodder, and some speakers thought it 
would be a calamity were this plant blotted 
out of our summer-soiling crops. Those per- 
sons in the United States who had argued nu Q used for cheese making, 
the use of corn fodder as a worthless food iu 
the dairy, it was thought had overstepped 
the mark and had done Injury to the dairy 
public by endeavoring to weaken the confi¬ 
dence of dairymen in regard to the value 
of corn fodder as a .soiling crop supple¬ 
mentary to pasturage. 
SUE Of CHEESE TOR THE ENGLISH MARKET 
was the next question. Mr. Grant, a cheese 
buyer, sa,id the usual size of Canadian cheese 
is one weighing from 70 to 80 pounds and 
pressed in 1G inch hoops. This was too large 
for the small shops in Eugland, where cheese 
is cut on the block and retailed. These 
shops are kept by women and young persons 
who cannot readily handle a large cheese. 
They want ft cheese weighing about 50 to 50 
pounds, and such will command a better 
price than large cheese or the same quality. 
Mr. Burkeli. of Herkimer, a dealer mid 
shipper, expressed similar views. He said 
portion to the number or snares uem 
In this plan it will be seen the company 
affairs are kept distinct from the milk de¬ 
livery or sale of cheese, although the same 
persons are interested in both. In other 
words, the manufacturing and factory man¬ 
agement is on the stock-company plan while 
the delivery of milk aud its product is an in¬ 
dividual affair. 
2. Where one man owns anil run9 a f actory 
the charges for manufacturing are the same 
as those named on the stock plan ; anil the 
product is disposed of in the same way, the. 
manufacturer having no pecuniary interest 
in this matter. For convenience to farmers 
the manufacturer or manager of ft factory is 
often chosen as salesman, though he may jo 
when a swarm is put mto a hive oi empty 
combs, they work prodigiously fast. By-and- 
by tho brood and honey of such a hive 
require much attention. Hence, out door 
work activity seems to abate. But when 
no bees leave their hives we have never been 
fortunate enough to find one asleep or any¬ 
thing like it. Young queens on coming to 
perfection sometimes pipe or call for seven 
days without cessation. During that time 
they can get no sleep. And if it be true that 
pregnant queens deposit in cells two thousand 
eggs a day—that is, eighty eggs every hour, 
Brs to be made into butter or cheese is not < 
common In Herkimer and the adjoining 
counties, though in some instances it is done, 
hi other parts of the State and at the West, 
this system is gaining ground. As no one 
con tell In the spring what milk will be worth 
for manufacture iuto butter ami cheese 
during the whole season, the following plan 
has been devised for fixing the price of milk 
to be paid to farmers The. sales of cheese, 
from two or three well known factories are 
agreed upon between the buyer of milk and 
the farmers as a standard for the average 
price of cheese. Now, as it has been found 
that on an average ten pounds of milk will 
make one pound of cheese, the buyer pays 
the average price obtained at the three fac¬ 
tories for every ten pounds of milk, less the 
price for manufacturing. Thus, for instance, 
the cheese made from the milk of April is | 
marketed in May. The May sales then from 
the three factories regulates the price ol 
milk for April, the June sales for the milk 
delivered in May, and so oil to the end of the 
season. This is found to be a very .satisfac¬ 
tory arrangement for both buyer and farmer. 
The farmer gets the average price for his 
milk the same as if it liad been made into 
cheese, while the buyer pays no more for 
milk than the market warrants. He takes the 
risk of making as good an article as is made 
at the three sample factories selected, aud | 
also of getting an equal price in the market 
f ov his goods, and he gets the regular price 
agreed upon for manufacturing. This plan 
1 ["regarded a3 an improvement on the old 
! system, as it simplifies the matter for l'arin- 
• ers while it gives the factoryiueu a chance to 
turn the milk into butter and skim cheese or 
to dispose of it in such way as will yield hiui 
4 . There may be parties in this section 
willing to take a factory oil the plan pro¬ 
posed, but we are unable to name any one 
The better way would be to ad- 
RUNNING MANAGEMENT OF FACTORIES, 
X A. Willard .—The farmers of this sec¬ 
tion, in consequence of the low prices they 
receive for their milk during tfie summer 
c.rasun, and the difficulty they experience n. 
finding responsible dealers, winch lias result¬ 
ed in much loss and annoyance, contemplate 
erecting a creamery and cheese factory, witn 
the intention of providing by that means a 
wav Whereby they can dispose of then sui- 
ifins milk, and also of regulating to some 
extent the supply in New York, which uf 
course governs the price there. 
TfieV find themselves, however, in need Of 
practical information in regard to several 
I JO ints, and I have been requested by the 
SOMETHING ABOUT BEES 
When a boy I lived with an uncle (a thor¬ 
ough farmer) in Ashtabula County, Ohio. 
This uncle usually kept twenty to thirty 
swarms of bees in common square box hives, 
and they always seemed to do well and with 
hut little care, which consisted, chiefly, in 
housing them in winter. When uncle died 
(of a fever) bees lit upon the corner of the 
house where tho corpse lay. I should judge 
that there was perhaps a pint or more hov- 
erimr upon the house corner for many hours. 
w YV O YYG'UU ? -. 
wants of our customers. aud c i 1( , ese factories are owned generally by 
ers said they wore obliged *toek companies, organized by the farmers 
- over 10 the State, to 
e Uiu proper size could not ^ p ro , l03e to raise money sufficient to 
anada. A resolution was | buj |, l " tj ie factory aud equip it fully ; but 
ding that in future cheese tlien the question presents itself how are we 
rHER TOPICS. other hand, such factories are owned oi 
o remove ch°ese from the leased by individual*, will you please inform 
^70^ with a„n r b6st JL 
topics were discussed, but j lvere( j to the factory during last sumiuu 
irly new was elicited, and an( j w j m t is the capacity of ordinary-sized 
a recess until evening. ‘StWment were erected in 
MIUARD'S ADDRESS. this vicinity, being only,45 ThUes from New , , 
lensely packed at the even- York on the Harlem Railroad, and sufficient 1 
ieitscl * r7.il b- were assured to the lessee to keep the vcrtise in 
y being unable to get seats, milk > ^ lo itB tu u capacity, do you not , ce o£ y 
nber of ladies were present. ^ a g00(J? practical and responsible 
work on “ 
illustrated by large charts, could be found in your section who . , 
- 'Z i *£££■ 
rmrtOljlCcll £lDDG£iru£lCB of til* a.I< . ] _ ’ 'ifr nnt. hhitthft 1 si. A v, 
OUl people said the bees would never thrive 
again but would gradually “run out,” and 
they did nearly or quite within two years. 1 
* . • i .111. li_ _ i-v. il. » 
Two years ago, having settled in the coun¬ 
try a few miles south or Philadelphia, I de¬ 
sired to keep a few swarms of bees. A man 
in a neighboring village, quite a successful 
bee culturist, offered me a swarm in the 
spring for $5. 1 purchased them. They were 
iu the common square box-hive. The next 
summer they sent out four swarms but did 
not lay up any honey in the box. They win¬ 
tered all right, but not one of their swarms 
got through alive. This season they have 
sent out two swarms. One went into the 
gable of a house half a mile away ; the other 
1 hived, but have not got au ounce of honey 
from old or youug swarm. Last spring my 
bee man desired to sell me another swarm. 
I asked him if they or the swarm sold me tho 
year previous had ever made uny surplus 
honey, but he could not recollect. I did not 
purchase, for 1 am convinced that this par¬ 
ticular persuasion of bees run entirely to 
brood and make no surplus honey. rlease 
inform me, through the Rural, ll ibis is not 
sometimes the case. f ‘- 
Our impression is that it depends moic 
upon management than upon bees whether 
thev produce more brood and less honey. 
We think, by a careful study of Langstroth s 
or Ouinby’s works, this will be found explain¬ 
ed. Some of the experienced bee keepers 
arnone ,jur readers can probably tell our cor¬ 
respondent just what to do with his bees in 
order to secure from them more honey and 
less brood. Will they not do so ? 
CAKED UDDER 
The following treatment is said to be good : 
The best remedy we ever tried was to bathe 
it thoroughly and persistently with tepid 
water, and milking clean. Some use salt and 
water, others salt and vinegar, but we doubt 
whether they have any advantage over the 
pure water. Tho udder ut such times is, of 
course, inflamed, and persistent application 
of water will reduce the inflammation, en¬ 
abling you to draw the milk. It may require 
several bathings to entirely remove the cake, 
but we are confident that three times out o 
four it will prove successful. 
Cows Calving in Fall.—M r. E. J. Stock- 
well told the Deerfield Valley Farmers' 
Institute that he prefers to have his cows 
drop their calves iu the fall and then feed 
well through the winter till grass is good 
in spring. 
