loss of time in getting n crop of hay the next 
year. „ _ 
But many of the old pastures of New En¬ 
gland have “rested” a century, (farm¬ 
ers argue that land wants to “rest, ’) run¬ 
ning from ten to fifty acres each. The poor 
old cow enters the old pasture hide bound, 
dirty and weary : her battles have been 
fighting flies, short feed, and short of water 
many times; and what is her condition 
when sho returns to the barn ? The expecta¬ 
tions and objects are milk, butter, cheese, 
growth, beef; and how are they to be 
realized with these unnatural restraints ? 
The whole stock is pinched in winter with 
meadow hay, straw, corn butts and a little 
“ English hay ” occasionally as a relish. 
Is this good or profitable farming ? Can a 
manufacturer make money, if fcis old mill is 
full of crazy jacks and spindles and disordered 
looms i Half of his product will turn out 
imperfectly and prove a loss, So will a cow 
half fed or pastured, fail in her milk capacity, 
to say nothing of the beef standard—starting 
with a good flowing green pasture and con¬ 
tinuing up to that standard with a little 
nains taken through the winter. — Henry 
light as follows “ Suppose that the eigh¬ 
teen millions of neat cattle now in th« United 
States, by the infusion of better breeds among 
them generally should, in their earlier matur¬ 
ity and increased product of milk and flesh, 
with an equal consumption of food and by a 
moderately increased amount of care, pro¬ 
duce an additional profit of one-fifth or only 
twenty per cent.—certainly a moderate esti¬ 
mate—the annual value of such improve¬ 
ment will be that which is derived from an 
additional invested capital of thirty millions 
of dollars—a vast sum in the aggregate of 
our agricultural wealth.” This is a true 
statement now, and it applied with still 
| greater force when the spirit of improvement 
| began. _ 
to make out of them. Mr. B. owns, m all, 
1,200 acres, and hires of the 'Wadsworths 
1*400 acres of the Genesee flats in Livingston 
County. As he mows 600 acres and has 
about 200 acres devoted to various crops and 
purposes, it leaves about 1,800 acres for pas¬ 
turing his 530 steers. For the land that ho 
hires of the Wadsworths he pays from *2.50 
to *3.50 an acre. Supposing all of his grazing 
land to cost him, on an average, *8.50 an 
acre, and that he adds 450 pounds of beef to 
every head, and that the beef brings 7 cents 
a pound at home, the beef that he makes 
from the 1,800 acres of pasture costing 86,300, 
will bring him *17,325-a profit of *11,02-5 for 
the season. 
When the pasturing season is over, Mr. B. 
purchases another lot in Canada to consume 
his hay, and asserts that he can make them 
gain one pound a day in winter on hay ex¬ 
clusively. We cannot see the profit of win¬ 
ter feeding so plainly as we can of summer, 
but suppose that Mr. B. must realize some 
profit from it or he would discontinue the 
practice, lie says that next to Charles 
Wadsworth, he is the largest grazier of oat- 
STOCK ON HIGH-PRICED LAND 
for money, and neither can ever get 
“ enough,” On high-priced laud the difficulty 
is doubled, for here the necessity of keeping 
up and increasing fertility is greater, while, 
if the land is very dear, it cannot so well be 
afforded for clover as a green manure. 
Neither car such land be profitably kept for 
pas'ure, and what then is the poor farmer, 
with his too valuable land, to do, except to 
Bell out and go West, where land is cheap 
enough to be profitably afforded for any 
purpose ? 
The chief difficulty in keeping stock on 
such land is summering it. There is on all 
grain farms an abundance of coarse feed, 
straw and cornstalks, and this, with roots, if 
they can bo had, and a little grain, will easily 
winter stock. It is the pasture range in 
summer that costs most. To avoid this, and 
still keep up their manure pile, some of our 
farmers make a practice of buying sheep and 
cattle iu the fall and fattening them through 
profit in 
him. Wo think hi# experience in making 
beef on grass refutes the assertion that beef 
cannot be made with profit in this State. 
Allen’s Creek flows along the northern 
border of the G50 acre lot, affording, with the 
Genesee on the eastern border, convenient 
water for the stock. We crossed the creek 
and stopped to admire u quack meadow ol 
some fifteen acres, which Mr. B. considers 
will cut a heavier burden than any other 
grass he has, and that it is nearly as nutri¬ 
tious as June grass. We always said that it 
we had a field upon which quack had got n 
firm foothold, we would make either pasture 
or meadow of it. After viewing this meadow 
we parted with Mr. Budloxg, well pleased 
with our interview with the great beef 
secure additional profit. Hundreds of North¬ 
ern farmers will not buy any fertilizers 
because they make considerable quantities 
of barnyard manures and rely solely upon 
them. In this way they cheut themselves 
out of much profit which wise investments 
would have given them. The time is coming 
when in some sections of country the ma¬ 
nure mode on the farm, excepting renovating 
crops like clover, will be the least important 
of its fertilizing materials. That time has 
already come to the Southern farmer—in 
fact this idea has always been part of Ids 
system. Hence he has not to contend with 
the prejudice against, buying manure which 
prevails among some farmers at the North 
and iu tlds he has a decided advantage. 
All he lacks is capital to work with—to buy 
manures, hire labor and purchase needed 
implements to make him a successful farmer. 
We would by no means discourage South¬ 
ern planters from keeping stock, growing 
grass, corn and other food and making as 
much manure as possible. They need to do 
IMPROVEMENT IN AMERICAN STOCK, 
the winter. There is generally a 
this, not alone from increase in weight, but 
also in an advance in price of fat sheep or 
cattle over poor, and this always pays the 
cost of feed and attendance, and sometimes 
something besides, leaving the manure as so 
much clear gain. Tlds, under tho^iremn- 
stances, is much more profitable than keep¬ 
ing a large lot of cattle and sheep the year 
round and feeding only to keep in store con¬ 
dition. The manure from fattening animals 
is richer than from those that are barely 
thriving, and western corn In ordinary years 
costs less than grass does on pastures valued 
at one. hundred and fifty dollars per acre. 1 
expect to see this movement continue, and 
after a few years no cattle of consequence 
will be kept the year round within ten miles 
of Rochester, excepting cows, aud these, iu 
summer, will be yarded and soiled very 
much the same as in winter.—Cor. Country 
Gentleman. 
The Massachusetts Ploughman says “As 
compared with the last century and the earl¬ 
ier part of this, there has been a vast im¬ 
provement in the shelter, mode of feeding 
and general treatment of cows, and*this has, 
of course, had its effect in increasing their 
milking qualities. But apart from this, there 
can be little doubt that there has been a pos¬ 
itive improvement iu our stock as a whole ; 
that is, the general average of the stock of 
New England is better than it was forty or 
fifty years ago. There were individual ani¬ 
mals then, among the native or common 
stock of the country, whose yield of milk was 
quite remarkable and would be at the pres¬ 
ent day and among the best stock of the pres¬ 
ent time; but wo cannot aud ought not to 
reason from individuals but from the gen- 
than we can grind them, and what is more 
it leaves the phosphate of lime in good con¬ 
dition to l>e readily taken up by the roots of 
plants. Part of the lime in the bone is left iu 
the form of a sulphate (common gypsum) 
vrhile the balance is a superphosphate, the 
most valuable form of mineral fertilizers. 
It is frequently recommended to compost 
bones with ashes, or with manure. If ground 
finely enough these will dissolve the bone to 
considerable extent; but the action of bones 
“treated thus will be much slower and less 
certain than where the true superphosphate 
is used. Tnere may be cases where it would 
be profitable to compost ground or pounded 
bones with stable manure as the sulphuric 
aekl is bad stuff to handle except with the 
greatest care, but we would not advise the 
use of ashes, which can be best applied 
separately. 
ECONOMICAL NOTES 
WARTS ON COWS’ TEATS. 
Removing Slumps .—A friend in James¬ 
town, N. Y., asks us what can be done to 
get rid of stumps iu fields—whether crude 
oil would not cause the stumps to burn 
readily. In our experience we have found 
it preferable to remove stumps with machines 
made for that purpose aud burn them after¬ 
wards if desired. It is slow work burning 
isolated stumps in a field and the same 
amount of time and labor spent iu uprooting 
them will bo much more effective. A good 
team, horses or oxen, with a stump machine 
will clear quite a space of ground in a day, 
and if the ground he stony the work may be 
further progressed by filling the holes where 
the stumps came from with stones to within 
eighteen inches or two feet of the surface. 
Crude oil is not very inflammable and unless 
used in large quantities its only effect is to 
clear the surface of the stump and make it 
last even longer than it otherwise would. 
Clover before W'heai.-The best crops of 
wheat are produced by being preceded by 
some crops of clover grown for seed. A vast 
amount of mineral manure is brought within 
reach of the corn crop, which otherwise 
would remain in a Iocked-up condition hi the 
soil. The clover plants take nitrogen from 
the atmosphere and manufacture it in to their 
own substance winch, on decomposition of 
the clover roots aud leaves, produces abun¬ 
dance of ammonia. 
In answer to a subscriber we would say 
that Wind mills are successfully used in 
pumping water, aud the expense need not 
be more than *150—if the distance the water 
is to be conveyed is not too great. 1 hose 
having experience with wind mills are in¬ 
vited to furnish further information. 
The Canada Farmer recommends the fol¬ 
lowing plan for removing these annoying 
excrescences : 
“ If the warts have well-defined necks, cut 
them off with scissors and touch the places 
with lunar caustic (nitrate of silver). Or, if 
horse hair or silk thread is tied tightly around 
them, they will fall off in a few days. If 
without well-deftned necks, wet them and 
touch with lunar caustic. In a few days cut 
off the dead, hlackeued parts aud touch 
again. If the places be sore after the warts 
are removed, moisten the surfaces with the 
tincture of aloes and myrrh ; and if ulcera¬ 
tion sets in, wash with a solution of sulphate 
of zinc of the strength of one drachm to a 
pint of water. 
» The presence of warts shows a disorgan¬ 
ized state of the system. When the eause of 
them is removed they will disappear of 
themselves. They may proceed either from 
a lack or a redundancy of vital force. Where 
warti are present in such numbers as our 
correspondent mentions, it will be best to 
try to obliterate them a few at a time.” 
Greasing with hog’s lard will remove or¬ 
dinary warts, and we have seen recom¬ 
mended a liniment of equal parts of iodine 
tincture and glycerine, applied thoroughly. 
Violent remedies are not to be commended 
when milder means will answer. Will our 
readers—those who can — furnish informa¬ 
tion iu regard to this matter ? 
Compare them with the class of auimals 
formerly, and even now in some sections t.o 
be found at the West and more commonly at 
the East, and mark the contrast. The one is 
thrifty, grows vapidly, fats easily, and is 
ready at a very early age for the market, 
while from an eighth to a quarter part of the 
cost of labor aud of keeping which must be 
incurred every year in raising such a class of 
animals as the other, is wholly lost from mis¬ 
application. 
In 1850 there were 18,378,907 head of cattle 
in the United States, of which over six mil¬ 
lions (0,385,094) were milch cows, nearly two 
millions (1,700,744) were working oxen and 
ten millions (10,293,009) other cattle, not in¬ 
cluding horses, sheep or swiue; and the 
value of animals slaughtered amounted to 
the vast sum of more than one hundred aud 
eleveu millions of dollars (*111,708,142). Now 
if by the keeping of better stock we add to 
their value aud the profit derived from them 
without increasing the cost, we make of 
course, an absolute gain on the receipts from 
the same amount of capital invested. A dis¬ 
tinguished breeder places this in a clear 
TREATMENT OF OLD PASTURES, 
Your correspondent at Cornville has asked 
a wholesome question second to none in im¬ 
portance in regard to the farm. He says 
“our poor pasturing is our great drawback” 
&c., and asks if the pasture could not be 
“plowed in August and sown with grass 
seed.” I would say it is the only way to 
renovate aud make a good pasture out of a 
worthless old one. If any one doubts this, 
let him spado up six or ten feet square 
where it is covered with moss, where there 
is very little feed now and note the result, 
and he will be satisfied. The sooner laid 
down to grass the better, as it would get a 
