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FRICK SIX CENTS, 
*‘Z.«5 FEK YEAR. 
NEW YORK, AND ROCHESTER, N, Y., DEC. 85, 1875 
TOE. XXXII. No. 20 
WHOLE No. 13Aj. 
Stored according to Act of Congress, m the year 1S75, by me Ku ra! Pu blishing Company, In the office of the Librarian of Co ngress at Washington.] 
t I vent the small pox, as that clearing of bark fibrous and shallow roots are apt to open 
ntrttl I scale* would make a tree healthy.’ It is growth slowly and make but little of it. We 
don’t see how or why ; no injury is visible, 
and we don’t readily divine the real cause. 
In the winter of 1873-78, when the hardiest 
of all evergreens of all ages and sizes were so 
singularly decimated, it seemed impossible 
to account for the capricious destruction by 
anything seen above the surface. The real 
solution of that remarkable visitation is, that 
bare ground was frozen early in that winter 
to a depth of 8 to 4 feet, and there was no 
surface thaw for three months. Yet where 
tion of cherries on the Mahalob surviving 
those on the hardier wood of the Morello in 
Iowa (J. M. p. 780), for Morello sprouts have 
very shallow roots. Pear trees grown on 
shallow rooting sprouts die in the top, while 
trees grafted with the same sorts, on deep 
rooting seedlings were healthy trees. 
“Vines, and eveu trees, as cordenpeaches, 
are eusily laid down if trained in the direc¬ 
tion for it—if the twig is bent as the tree is 
to be inclined, and a covering over the snow 
after It has fallen and frozen, will retain it 
in case of. an untimely thaw. 
FRUIT TREE HEDGES. 
Toj£ last number of the London Garden 
illustrates and describes a plan of Fruit 
Tree Hedges which is suggestive, and worthy 
of adoption in many parts of this country. 
Our English contemporary says that in 
France and Belgium, more than elsewhere, 
have the vacant spaces along the lines of 
ra-lway been utilized for growing fruits — 
principally Pears—and it is often the case 
that, instead of the trees being in the form 
of standards, they are trained as is repre¬ 
sented in the accompanying engravings, so 
as to form a hedge along both sides of the 
line. Sometimes a cheap fence of galvan¬ 
ized wire is used, and the trees are trained 
so that the branches cross each other, as is 
shown in the illustration ; and occasionally a 
cheap and slender kind of wooden fence, 
common in France, is substituted for the 
wire, and it is fouud that, by training them 
In a way to cross and support each other, 
before the fenco decays the trees are per¬ 
fectly Self -supporting, and form a very neat 
fence themselves. This is a plan well worth 
adopting in many gardens where neat di¬ 
viding lines are desired. It is quite possible 
to train espaliers of the choicest varieties of 
Pears so that they shall, in time, be self- 
supporting. Established trees crossed in this 
way should not be allowed to get into a 
rough, hedgo-lika condition, but, on the con¬ 
trary, should be trained as neatly and per¬ 
fectly as trees on a trellis or wall. No fray¬ 
ing of the branches, resulting from their 
being interlaced, need take place. A shoot 
should be taken along the top so as to act as 
a finish and tend to hold all t ightly together, 
and, thus constructed, the whole will look 
much firmer and neater than the ill-trained 
espaliers that one often sees. 
LIQUID MANURING NOT PRACTICABLE. 
The common advice in agricultural and 
horticultural journals some years ago, to 
dilute manures largely with water before ap¬ 
plying to crops lias proven unsound, as might 
easily have been expected. In climates 
where 20 to 80 Inches deep of ruin fall is the 
usual amount, the most zealous advocate of 
the cold water treatment need not ask for 
more than nature furnishes, and why any 
farmer should ever deem it necessary to cart 
immense quantities of water over hia fields 
is a mystery. This view is strongly enforced 
by the always sensible Editor of tho Ger¬ 
mantown Telegraph : 
Once a more popular article could not be 
written for an agricultural paper, than on 
the use of liquid manure. It was the best 
way to apply manure. There were the 
crops ; here were the figures. There could 
be no doubt about it. It was no waste to 
manure to have the best of its matter washed 
out of it, if only the liquid waste could be 
collected in tanks, and pumped into liquid 
manure-carts and hauled over the ground ; 
pumped back again to the manure- 
Fru it -Hedge Fully Furnished. 
be continued as the deep snow was not drifted away the 
ground was not frozen utall. Trees in deep 
| snow escaped, others had their rootB con¬ 
gealed for months ; and, according as the 
j torpor was more or less entire, they were 
i more or less disabled from supplying any 
moisture to the leaves which were exposed 
all the while to the parching winds above. 
The leaves eventually dried up, became 
brown, and fell off ; just as they would from 
a tree or branch cut off from its roots. 
“ Now many deciduous trees and shrubs 
i fibrous and as superficial 
i as those of spruces and junipers. And their 
branchlets, and sometimes even the stems, 
are dried in the winter through a want of 
the supply which roots, congealed in frozen 
ground, cannot give. Unlike conifers, &c,, 
such plants may recover if the desiccation is 
to the bark, and which may 
opportunity offers, till spring time. » 
“ We know the risk we run of turning the 
bile of our intelligent, friends,—but we are 
quite sure that those who follow our advice 
will thank us for it: and this will be a suf¬ 
ficient return for our forced contribution to 
the * small pox ’ and * rheumatic ’ entertain¬ 
ment.” 
HOW COLD KILLS TREES 
A correspondent of the Country Gentle- ; have roots just as 
man writes as follows on this subject, which 
is an interesting one, and was ably handled 
by our correspondent Mr. 8. Folsom, in a 
or even 
heap from which it had been washed. So 
the arguments went. 
Though a vast amount of this writing ap¬ 
peared in American papers, little of it was 
founded on any experience in American 
farming. It was simply written because it 
was fashionable to write so in English papers. 
There was an impression that ever there 
they knew more of the science of farming 
than we did, and so, ou the doctrine of 
chances, one would be more likely to be right 
than wrong in advocacy of the practice here. 
But it was wrong ; in the first place, because 
no good farmer, in places where manure is 
valuable, cares to have his manure washed 
in this way, but builds a roof and covers it 
from rain ; and in the next place it does not 
pay to build cisterns, invest in pumps, and 
REMOVING THE ROUGH BARK FROM 
TREE8. 
Thomas Meehan, tan or oi me uumwiws 
Monthly, is a man of positive ideas, and not 
at all averse to having them opposed, which 
only gives him opportunity to re-state than 
more positively. Here is what ho says on 
the subject heading this article : 
“ We have repeatedly called attention in 
these pages to the great advantages of assist¬ 
ing the tree to throw off its outer bark. This 
is done by scraping, washing, or slitting up 
and down with a knife in many instances. 
We have had to stand a great deal of ridi¬ 
cule from men whose horticultural knowl¬ 
edge is confined to the books of the college 
library,—but we have recommended it from 
actual observation of the good resulting,— 
and moreover the practice is not inconsistent 
with our understanding of the processes of 
plant life. To be sure it is not pleasant to 
have a professor in a college, as one did a 
few years ago, gravely tell his class that 
when 1 the editor of the Gardener’s Monthly 
recommended the slitting of the bark of 
fruit trees, the advice was on a par with the 
belief of planting in the moon signs, and as 
likely to be of service to the tree as the slit¬ 
ting of a man’s leg would be to cure the 
rheumatism,’— and then we have a learned 
society in Massachusetts teaching that ‘ the 
yield more than a piece manured in the 
regular way, may be all true enough ; but if 
it cost treble for double the profit, it had 
better be left alone. 
The liquid manure idea as an element in 
profitable farming seems to have departed 
here. We seldom see the old-timo articles 
now. Even in England it seems on its last 
legs. The whole paraphernalia of tanks, 
just as the very hardiest spruces, which are j water-carts, and-so-forth, says the London 
at home around Baffin’s Bay, perished here ! Agricultural Gazette, are the mere toys of 
in 1872-’3. And this is probably the explana- 1 farming ; and so said we, long, long ago. 
Fruit-Hedge Half Fd 
its truth, because I saw forest and orchard 
trees everywhere beginning to decay in their 
tops. Yet there is truth in it. 
“ After a severe winter, with little snow- 
protection to the soil, trees and vines with 
LSHED, 
