172 
THE CORAL TRIANGLE: HEARST BIODIVERSITY EXPEDITION 
C. mjobergi (Broch, 1916), C pwripiens (Hoek, 1913), C pyginaea (Broch, 1931), C scandens 
(Pilsbry, 1916), and C squamosa Resell, 1991. Many of these names are associated only with the 
type material. One, C pwripiens, is listed by Newman and Ross (1976) as having been syn- 
onymized with C. cymhiformis (Darwin, 1854) by Broch (1922). However, Broch’s actual conclu¬ 
sion was only that the two species are very similar in description and “a reexamination of Darwin’s 
type specimens will have to settle this question.” Therefore, he stopped short of actually syn- 
onymizing C proripiens with C. cymbiformis. For that reason, and because we find several mor¬ 
phological differences in the original descriptions of these two species, and the fact that the type 
localities are in distinct biogeographic regions (the coast of India for C. cymbiformis and the Banda 
Sea coast of Indonesia for C. proripiens), we consider C. proripiens a currently valid name. 
In addition to the genus Conopea, five species of the subfamily Acastinae are known as sym¬ 
bionts of gorgonians. Most species of Acastinae live in association with sponges, a few others are 
symbionts of antipatharians. The acastine species living in gorgonians differ from Conopea species 
in several ways, the most obvious is the form of their attachment to the host. Conopea species are 
cemented directly, and firmly, to the surface of the gorgonian axis. The coenenchyme of the gor- 
gonian overgrows the shell of Conopea species, but the proteinaceous axis generally does not. On 
the other hand, individuals of Acastinae become completely embedded in the proteinaceous axis 
rather than living attached to the surface of the gorgonian axis. The wall plates of most Conopea 
are heavily cemented to each other at the contact sutures, whereas those of acastines are loosely 
attached to each other and disarticulate very easily with handling or treatment in dilute sodium 
hypochlorite. 
Here we describe seven barnacles with gorgonian hosts, a new species of Acasta (Acastinae) 
and six new species of Conopea, and examine their specificity in hosts for comparison with other 
known gorgonian/barnacle symbiotic relationships. 
Methods 
Molecular methods. Genomic DNA was extracted fi'om adductor muscle tissue using the Qia- 
gen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Valencia, CA). The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) 
primers COI-N: TGAGAAATTATTCCGAAGGCTGG (Van Syoc 1994, 1995) and ECO 1490: 
GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG (Folmer et al. 1994) were used to amplify approximate¬ 
ly 700 base pairs of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). Sequence alignments were performed 
initially with Geneious Pro 5.6.4 (created by Biomatters, available at http://wym’,geneious.com) 
and then edited by hand. Moleculai* phytogeny was determined by both PHYML likelihood analy¬ 
sis and Mr. Bayes Bayesian analysis in Geneious Pro 5.6.4. The topologies for the two analyses 
were identical, so only the Bayesian hee is illustrated herein. All sequence data used in the analy¬ 
sis has been deposited at GenBank for archival with cross-references to CASIZ catalog numbered 
type specimens as vouchers. 
Moiphology methods. Barnacle cirri, mouthparts and opercular plates were dissected for mor¬ 
phological comparisons. The cirri and mouthparts were mounted on microslides and photographed 
with a Leitz microscope imaging system. Opercular plates were treated with 5.25% sodium 
hypochlorite (common household bleach) to remove remaining tissues prior to coating for imaging 
with a scanning electron microscope (SEM, LEO/Zeiss 1450VP). 
Identification of host gorgonians was based on external and sclerite morphology. Branching 
patterns, polyp shape, color and sclerite types were examined. Sclerites were isolated by dissolv¬ 
ing small amounts of gorgonian tissue in a 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution, followed by rins¬ 
ing with water and then 75% ethanol. All gorgonians harboring barnacles were identified using 
Grasshoff (1988, 1992). 
