GONZALES & GOSLINER: NEW SPECIES OF PHILINE FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC 359 
and broad (Fig. 2D), Their masticatory margin is devoid of denticles. The inner, outer lateral tooth 
is naiTow and elongate with an elongate, curved cusp. The outermost lateral is blunt and curved, 
lacking an elongate cusp (Fig. 2E). There is a large ventral oral gland and small dorsal oral glands. 
At the posterior end of the buccal mass, near the junction with the crop, is a pair of elongate sali¬ 
vary glands (Fig. 3A, C). The crop is large and saccate, slightly narrower than the buccal bulb. 
There are no gizzard plates or muscular thickenings in the crop. The crop narrows posteriorly and 
enters the digestive gland. The intestine emerges from the right side of the digestive gland and ter¬ 
minates near the posterior end of the body near the base of the gill. 
Centf^al Net^vus System (Fig. 3A): The circumesophageal nerve ring consists of paired cere¬ 
bral, pedal and pleural ganglia and a single supraintestinal ganglion on the right side situated well 
posterior of the nerve ring. The cerebral and pedal commissures are both elongate with well-sepa¬ 
rated respective ganglia. On the ventral side of the buccal mass near the enhance of the esophagus 
are the buccal ganglia, which are immediately adjacent to each other. From the posterior end of the 
anterior nerve ring the right branch of the visceral loop extends posteriorly to the supraintestinal 
ganglion. The osphradial nerve emerges from supraintestinal ganglion. The two lateral branches of 
the visceral loop join posteriorly at the posterior ganglia. The left visceral loop enters the subin- 
testinal ganglion, while the right lateral neiwe enters the visceral ganglion. The visceral ganglion is 
larger than the sub intestinal ganglion (Fig. 3 A). From the visceral ganglion is die genital nerve, 
which does not appear to have a distinct genital ganghon. 
Reproductive System (Figs. 2F, 3C-D): The arrangement of reproductive organs is essentially 
monaulic (as discussed by Gosliner 1994) but with a single branch of the hermaphroditic duct to 
the albumen and membrane glands (Fig. 3C). From the large ovotestis, which is intermingled with 
the digestive gland, emerges the wide, convoluted ampulla. The ampulla narrows into the hermaph¬ 
roditic duct, which cui'ves around the female glands and enters the short, coiled albumen and mem¬ 
brane glands by means of a single duct. The larger mucous gland is bilobed with a massive primai*y 
lobe and smaller secondaiy one. The heimaphroditic duct is elongate and extends to the genital 
aperture then joins the short duct of the large, pyriform receptaculumseminis and continues to the 
genital atrium, where it joins the elongate duct of the bursa copulatrix. The bursa is large and spher¬ 
ical. Its duct is narrow where it joins the bursa and widens and curves until its widest portion at the 
genital atrium. From the genital artium the open, ciliated spenn groove leads to the cephalic penis. 
The penis (Figs. 2F, 3D) consists of a thick penial sac and an elongate, unbranched, posteriorly 
directed prostate gland that is joined to the penial sac by a narrowed constriction. Within the penial 
sac is an elongate, curved penial papilla that is devoid of any armature (Fig. 3D). 
Remarks. — Price et al. (2011) described a series of plesiomorphic characteristics found in 
species of Philine. Philine acuticauda has several plesiomoiphic features including a relatively 
large radula, more than one outer lateral tooth in the radular ribbon, a suprainestinal ganglion situ¬ 
ated posterior to the circumesophageal nerve ring and a simple, unarmed penial papilla with a sin¬ 
gle unbranched prostate. This species also has several derived attributes including a smooth shell, 
a lack of gizzard plates and an elongate posterior end of the posterior shield. 
Philine acuticauda is most similar in its morphology to P. alba Mattox, 1958, from the south¬ 
ern California coast and P alboides Price, Gosliner, and Valdes, 2011, from the Gulf of Mexico and 
Caribbean. These three species have a large body size with a broad body profile and a broad, 
smooth, flattened shell with an expanded posterior wing. They also have a large radula with a wide 
inner lateral tooth that either lacks denticles or has greatly reduced denticles. All three species have 
two outer lateral teeth and a simple penis and prostate. They all have a supraintestinal ganglion 
located posteriorly to the neiwe ring. Despite these similarities, P. acuticauda differs significantly 
from these taxa in several regards. The posterior end of the body of P. alba and P. alboides is blunt 
