The Dangerously Venomous Snakes 
of the Philippine Archipelago 
with Identification Keys and Species Accounts 
Alan E. Leviton i, Rafe M. Brown 2 , Cameron D. Siler 3 
' Research Div., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118 & Research Associate, 
Dept. Vertebrate Zoology), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; 
^Dept. Ecology) & Evolutionary Biology, Urriversity of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7593; 3 Dept. Biology 
& Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History), University of Oklahoma, Nonnan, OK 73072-7029. 
Email; 1 aleviton@calacademy.org; 2 ipfe@ku.edu; 3 camsiler@ou.edu 
Photographs by Rafe M* Brown, Arvin C. Diesmos, Dong Lin, Aaron Lobo, 
Cameron D. Siler, John Tashjian, Markus Oulehia, and Harold Voris 
Illustrations by Emily Eng and Michael Garfield 
Table of Contents 
Introduction.475 
Acknowledgments.477 
Identification keys to the dangerously venomous snakes of the Philippine Archipeeago479 
Tabee of taxonomic equivalents.491 
Species accounts for the dangerously venomous snakes of the Phieippine Archipelago 493 
Elapidae: Elapinae (cobras, coral snakes, and kraits) .493 
Calliophis . 493 
Hemibungarus . 494 
Nqja . 496 
Ophiophagus . 497 
Elapidae: Hydrophiinae (sea snakes) .499 
Aipysurus . 500 
Emydocephalus . 501 
Hydrophis (including Acalyptophis, Astrotia, DisteWa, Enhydrina, Kerilia, Kolpophis, 
Lapemis, Leioselasma, Pelamis, Praescutata, Thalassophis) . 501 
Elapidae: Laticaudinae (sea kraits) .513 
La ticauda . 513 
Viperidae: Crotalinae (pitvipers) .515 
Trimeresurus (Parias) . 515 
Tropidolaeiniis . 518 
Bibliography.521 
Appendix A: Geossary of technicae terms.526 
Appendix B: Index to scientific names.528 
Appendix C: Index to standard English names.530 
473 
