CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TAPHRINA CORYLI NISHIDA 
ON CORYLUS AMERICANA 
Ella May Martin 
Introduction 
The cytological work of Dangeard (1894) on Exoascus defor¬ 
mans, of Ikeno (1901) on various Taphrina forms, and of still 
later workers on other Ascomycetes, left unsettled various ques¬ 
tions concerning the uninucleate or multinucleate condition of the 
cells, of the origin of the nuclei which fuse in the ascogenous cell, 
nuclear divisions in the ascus, and the formation of the ascospores. 
It was with the hope of throwing light upon some of these prob¬ 
lems in Taphrina coryli Nishida, that the work described in the 
present paper was undertaken. 
Materials and Methods 
Leaves and twigs of Corylus americana infected with Taphrina 
coryli Nishida were collected by Dr. J. J. Davis and Dr. E. M. 
Gilbert in the vicinity of Madison, Wisconsin, in the spring of the 
years 1917, 1920, and 1921, and by the writer in the same location 
in 1920 and 1921. During the spring of 1921, material was fixed 
at various hours of the day and night in order that the condition 
of the nucleus and cell at different times might be studied. The 
parts collected were immediately dipped in Carnoy^s fluid for a 
few seconds to remove the air, and were then placed in vials con¬ 
taining the desired fixative. A number of fixing reagents were 
used, but the best results were obtained with MerkeUs fixative and 
with Flemming’s weak chrom-osmic-acetic acid solution. 
Spores were also germinated and kept growing for several days 
in sterile aqueous solutions made from hazel leaves. Germinating 
spores were fixed in Merkel’s solution and attached to slides by 
stippling them into a thin film of egg albumen on the slides. These 
were then dried and stained. Imbedded material was cut from 
