Martin—Taphrina Coryli Nishida on Corylus. 
351 
the formation of the spores of Ascoholus furfuraceus. No indica¬ 
tion of astral rays as described by Harper (1899) in Lachnea 
scutellata and (1905) in Erisyphe cichorearum, Erisyphe com¬ 
munis, and Phyllactinia corylea have been found in Taphrina 
coryli. If present they may have been such fine threads as to be 
invisible with the magnification used. There are, however, many 
suggestions that vacuolar membranes are the active agents in form¬ 
ing membranes of spores (figs. 31, 32, 33, 34). 
The Germination of the Ascospores 
Nishida (1912) ascribed to Taphrina coryli an irregular number 
of spores, and such is the case when each of the original eight spores 
comes to maturity and begins to form conidia. This process might 
be called fission, for, unlike the budding of yeasts, the spore length¬ 
ens and divides into conidia of equal size (fig. 37). When the 
spores begin to produce conidia, they become somewhat irregular 
in form, the constriction often being present earlier on one side of 
the spore than on the other (fig. 35). There must be a softening 
of the cell wall, for a spore lengthens and, as the cell wall and 
plasma membrane constrict, the whole assumes the form of a dumb¬ 
bell (fig. 36, A-G). At this time the nucleus begins to stretch out 
(fig. 36, G) and eventually divides, thus providing a new nucleus 
for each of the conidia so formed. The behavior of the nucleus was 
observed in the stained material, but the living spores were ex¬ 
amined under the miscroscope for the rate of conidia formation. 
It was found that spores germinate to form conidia rapidly after 
they have been subjected to chilling. 
Spores were placed in a hanging-drop of sterile solution made 
from hazel leaves, and the hanging-drop preparations were then 
placed in sterile Petri dishes. These were left in the refrigerator 
at a temperature of 10° C. for twelve hours. When taken out in 
the morning and placed in a room at about 20° C., germination took 
place almost immediately. Figure 37 shows what occurred in the 
course of one-half hour. A spore increased in size (compare figs. 
37A and 37B) in the first ten minutes; in the next five minutes the 
stages represented in figure 37C, D, and E were passed through; 
and in another five minutes the constriction is complete between 
the two daughter conidia (fig. 37F). Within a few minutes one 
conidium may lengthen and furrow in on one side, and soon a 
secondary conidium is partly formed (fig. 37G). All the spores 
