I 
c 
466 
RSOORE’S  BORAL  NEW-YORKER. 
in  tlio  HUgar  IjuhIi  that  it  iieodB  no  fui'thor  de- 
Bcriptivc  coiinrient. 
- - - - - 
TIMELY  HINTS  FOR  SUGAR  MAKING. 
A  WKiTKU  in  the  New  England  Fariuer  niaheH 
Home  tiinnly  and  pi'-actical  anggOHlionH  on  tiie 
manufacture  of  majdo  wngar.  Believing  that 
wherever  mn|)le  tnscH  ahonnd  it  will  pay  farmerrt  | 
to  make  their  own  KwectM,  we  ooiiy :  I 
Wait  till  the  wuhou  fairly  l>egins.  If  you  tap 
too  early,  the  wood  iu  di'icd  by  freezing,  and  the 
Hap  will  not  run  an  well  aftcrwardn.  On  account 
of  their  location.  Homo  migar  orchards  will  run 
earlier  than  oliierH.  If  you  tap  later,  tlie  aggri- 
gate  ]n  odnct  of  migar  may  not  1m>  diminished. 
But  get  all  things  ready,  and  when  the  right  . 
time  comes  -go  !  Tap  with  a  oin--half  or  three- 
fourtliH  hioli  bit  and  bore  one  and  a-half  inelu's 
Home  Hay  Iohh,  where  the  wood  is  Hound,  and  on 
the  side  where  the  sun  will  reiwdi  it  tho  most  of 
the  day.  (iatJier  the  sap  every  day  it  runs,  ho 
that  at  night  there  may  be  but  little  or  none  left, 
in  the  buckets.  Strain  tho  nap  and  lioil  rajiidly 
and  make  into  sugar  as  Koon  as  ismsible.  Kotp 
the  Hap  clean  while  boiling,  and  strain  the  ainip 
through  a  woolen  Htrainer,  or  let  it  stand  a  few'  > 
hom-H  and  Hcttlo.  Use  no  eggH  or  milk  in  cleans-  j 
ing.  When  the  H\Tiip  will  grain  hy  stirring, 
remove  from  tlie  lire  and  stir  till  it  cools.  If  the 
sugar  is  too  soft,  it  will  not  keep  as  well,  and  will 
drain  considerably. 
In  conehi.slon,  I  will  only  say,  all  the  utenfdls 
used  must  he  thoroughly  clean  and  free  fnnn  i 
tho  taints  of  in-ovicnis  years.  I’lie  sap  must  he  j 
promptly  gathered  and  eon  verted  into  sugar,  if  a 
Biipcrior  article  is  expectesl  or  desired.  Maple 
sugar  is  often  diirk-<mlorcd  and  waxy,  this  is 
owing  to  the  use  of  old,  tainted,  wooden  hnekots 
and  delay  in  its  manufacture.  Ruji  changes 
rapidly,  and  re()nii'es  rapid  conversion  into  sugar, 
or  itH  delicate  colnr  and  llavor  will  he  lost. 
Other  causes  semetimes  atfect  the  (jnality  of 
sugar.  Some  s<iils  are  not  favor.ahlo.  TJie 
ravages  of  worms  the  previous  year,  the  presence 
of  rain  water  and  snow  in  the  sap,  all  these  j 
detract  from  tho  (pialities  desu-ed.  i 
it-arni  a“foiuimi). 
ABOUT  UNDERDRAINING.  | 
Can  yon  or  some  of  yohr  luimerons  readta's 
inform  "me  through  the  liunM.  how  to  constnict  | 
an  luulerdrain?  1  am  at  a  loss  liow  to  doit. 
1  have  Frencli  ■>!»  farm  draining,  but  see  iiutluug 
to  answer  my  imrposc.  Tlie  water  descends 
from  across  the  mini  mi  to  my  laiul.  It  will 
rcijuire  alioiit  '2  five-huli  tile  to  carry  tlie  water: 
the  ditlii'iill.v  willi  me  is  how  to  let  the  water  inti* 
the  dram  and  keep  the  sediment  uul,  lliere  not 
being  nmeii  bill.  I  liavc  ojien  dile.lii;s.  but  cvei’v 
year  they  reipiire  cleaning  mil.  Also  if  it  euiild 
"net  he  euiistnicled  of  (iiiil)er  and  how,  as  large 
tile  would  liuve  to  be  sliipiH'd  here.  W'liat  nn- 
derdrainiiig  I  liavedmie  tins  piiiil  me  well.  One 
cnnstnuiU'il  nine  years  .ago  jiaid  expeiisi'S  in  two  i 
yeai'S.  a.  w.  ii.  ■ 
If  our  corros)iondent  had  not  had  some  expei  i- 
ence  in  iinderdraining  we  should  guess  that  lie 
W'as  certainly' mistaken  in  the  amount  of  water 
to  be  carried  olf.  'I’lie  two  tive-imrh  tile  wo  sup¬ 
pose  are  only  lus'dcd  during  very  wtd  we.athor  in 
sja'ing  ami  full ;  but  even  then  this  is  pirohably  a 
larger  di'iiin  tliau  will  be  needed,  as  it  would  give 
fifty  siiuare  inehos  of  watcT  <‘nongh,  if  I'luming 
in  an  open  c)iann(!l.  to  soem  like  ^a  young  river. 
One  live-inch  tile  will  carry  nil’  nearly  Iwioe  as 
much  water  as  a  four-inch  and  three  times  as 
much  as  a  three-inch.  In  a  large  tiln  there  is 
less  friction  against  tlie  sides  of  the  tile.  We 
have  often  seen  a  three-inch  tile  spuntiiig  out 
W’ater  aiiparontly  much  largci'  volume  than  could 
be  got  in  a  pil>e  1x4  ineli  or  even  5x5  inch. 
With  such  a  volume  of  water  a  very  liglit  fall,  if 
continuous,  will  remove  all  sediment  from  tin- 
bottom  of  the  pi]'i'.  Be  very  careful  in  laying 
the  tile,  using  a  PJd'oot  hoard,  straight  edged  mi 
both  sided,  with  level  fitted  into  it .  'J'ids  wilt  at 
once  show  any  inequality  in  the  bottom  of  the 
ditch.  If  oue»tilc.  or  one  end  of  a  tile,  sinks 
down  half  its  bight,  the  sediment  will  lodge  at 
that  depth  and  tho  nffeclivouess  of  the  ditch  h<^ 
thus  impaired.  If  the  ground  is  soft  .with  occasion¬ 
al  pockets  of  quicksand,  it  will  pay  l<i  lay  the  tile  on 
a  board,  and  where  very  level  tlie  boards  planed 
a  little  at  the  end  and  ovcrla])ping  each  other.  A 
three  or  four-inch  yie  laid  thus  will  often  cai'ry 
off  more  water  than  a  unicli  larger  drain  aw  com- 
niQuly  laid. 
We  do  not  advise  board  drains.  A  board  laid 
nwiica-  tile,  tilled  with  Running  water  and  alwax'S 
wet,  wUl  last  much  longer  than  hoiu  ds  used  for 
drains  Mid  alternately  wet  and  dry.*  I'ossibly  our 
friend  nifty  find  that  ono  tVmr-incli  pipe  will  con¬ 
vey  all  tiie  w'ftter  ihat  now  runs  through  his 
large  oiieii  ditch.  We  have  known  such  cases. 
To  prevent  the  sediuient  running  in  at  the  end 
a  wire  gate  may  be  placed  over  the  mouth,  and 
tlic  oiviiiiiig  h)  the  surface  of  the  ground  ho 
filled  with  small  stones  and  gravel.  It  will  do  no 
great  haim  if  in  very  severe  freshets  the  water 
jxmds  hack  above  tlie  toji  of  the  drain  for  several 
days  or  one  or  two  weeks.  If  he  is  careful  not 
to  leave  tlio  ground  naked  during  tlie  winter  it 
will  do  no  hurt  to  liavi;  Home  of  the  siu'plus  wa¬ 
ter  rnii  over  the  siu'faee  in  a  small  furrow  made 
a  little  one  side  of  ttie  nmleixlraiii  ho  as  not  to 
break  tlirongli.  W<^  should  ailvise  tliis,’  unless 
there  are  si>eeial  I'casmis  otherwise  ratJier  than 
go  to  the  great  expense  of  having  a  drain  made 
of  two  live-iiicli  [lipe.  It  is  rai'c  Unit  so  1,'U‘ge  an 
underdrain  is  mlvisahle  on  ordinary  fanning  land, 
thmigli  it.  may  be  in  gardening  or  where  back 
water  Hoods  hmiHes  and  cellars.  We  are  glad  to 
know  that  our  coiTespondont  finds  nmleixhiuping 
jirnlltable,  and  don’t  Xi'an!  to  liave  liim  discoiu- 
aged  by  undertaking  too  expensive  a  .iob. 
If  the  lino  of  his  projiosed  drain  is  dry  during 
any  part  of  tho  season  be  can  save  a  great  deal 
of  digging  by  plowing  out  deep  fiurows  and 
Using  some  of  llie  varimis  snbsoilers  to  loosen 
the  dirt  before  it  is  tlirown  out.  One  of  tlicbest 
implements  of  this  Idiid  Is  simply  a  Hliarji  iioint 
attached  to  a  beam,  like  an  ordinary  plow,  and 
with  two  horses  anil  xvide  eveiier,  so  as  to  allow 
tliem  to  straddle  the  ditch,  one  man  and  team 
will  do  the  labor  of  ten  men  or  more  with  spade 
and  iiick:>x.  We  Imve  reduoid  the  <aist  of  dig¬ 
ging  the  dill'll  fully  one*lialf  where  we  IiikI  long, 
rttraight  lin(^s  of  diteh  to  dig.  'J'Jie  ditcli  can 
be  tilled  by  leftni  and  plow,  and  the  land  leveled 
ojf  in  much  the  same  niannei'.  Ditehiiig  is.  at 
best,  an  expensive  II iidei'l liking :  but  on  all  soils 
that  need  it,  notliing  pii.vs  better.  It  is,  there¬ 
fore.  doing  tlie  farming  piihlic  a  service  to  pnh- 
lisli  any  means  hy  wliieh  umlerdraining  may  be  , 
more  economically  ai’i'oiiijilished. 
- - - 
LIVING  TREES  FOR  FENCE. 
I  DF.HiRK  to  call  the  .attention  of  fanners  to  a 
kind  of  road  fencing  which  I  tliiuk  will  prove 
Kiib.stantial  and  not  very  expensive.  I'liis  iilan 
requires,  lirst— 'That  tlie  roads  sliull  lie  planted 
mi  either  side  witli  lines  of  trees,  twenty  feet 
apart  in  the  row.  Wlien  Uie  trees  have  attained 
tlie  size  of  five  or  six  inches  in  dliurieter  at  tho 
hiise,  lliey  may  he  used  .as  supports  for  wire 
fences.  Sugar  iii.aple.  elm,  oak,  lilae.lc  walnut  and 
lianly  evergreens  are  adapted  to  this  purpose. 
Till'  eoniiiioii  (>edar  traii.splanti'd  from  tlie  swamp, 
grows  vigorously  on  liigli  ground.  The  plan  for 
building  lliis  fciiee  is  liy  fastening  oak  sc.mtling 
two  iiiciies  square  liy  four  in  leiigtii  to  the  trees 
witli  coacli  boils.  Two  and  ono-lialf  iiieli  bolts 
five  inches  long  go  loosoly  llu'ough  the  tinlberand'i 
screw  tiniily  two  inehe.s  into  the  tree,  leaving  an  j 
inch  sp.ace  helweeii  the  tree  and  the  tihiher, 
'J’he  bolts  ean  lu'  turned  out  as  the  growth  of  the 
tree  n  quires,  'Tlie  lioles  in  tho  Iriai.s  should  ho 
seared  with  a  hot  iron  and  swabbed  with  wax. 
Six  si  rands  of  No.  (1  wire  are  used  wliieli  pass 
ill  holes  I'ight  iuclies  apart  an.l  of  siitlieieiit  size, 
to  allow  tlie  w'iri.'S  to  riiii  freely  flirmigh  tlio 
Uniher.  Ill  like  nianiiei-  tlie  wires  go  tlirmigJi  1 '  j 
itieti  sqinire  oak  ])icl\ets  ])laeod  four  fei't  apart 
between  tin.  trees.  'I'lio  top  and  tiottmii  wires 
are  wedged  in  tlie  pickets  to  keiip  them  in  jilace. 
Ill  sections  of  tw'outy-tivo  rods,  posts  are  sot  and 
lirinly  braced,  to  which  tho  ends  of  tho  wires 
fasten.  Each  wire  is  provided  with  a  stretcher 
by  wliieh  the  leiisiou  is  regulated.  The  stretch¬ 
ers  are  made  of  %  inch  round  iron,  one  tool 
long  witli  eye  at  one  end  to  hold  the  wire  and 
thread  cut  six  Inches  on  the  other  which  goes 
tlu'ongli  till'  post  witli  handle  nut,  'I'lie  tension 
of  tlie  wires  slimild  he  slackened  during  winter  to 
allow  fur  cmilr.'iction  by  frost.  Tlie  size  of  wire, 
number  of  stninds,  and  closeness  of  jiickets, 
should  be  graded  to  meet  tho  demands  ot  the 
fence.  One  of  tin*  advantages  of  this  kind  of 
fence  is  exemption  from  snowdrifts,  while  tlio 
trot»H  are  a  thing  of  beauty  and  constantly  in- 
iToasiiig  value; 
A  feiiee  on  our  jilacc  very  neaiiy  an.sweriiig  to 
this  desiuii>timi  snp))orted  on  maple  trees  of  12 
or  14  years  jilanliiig  lias  nnswored  so  good  a  pur¬ 
pose  the  ]iast  season  tliiit  we  can  recommend  it 
for  trial  to  others.  l'’iiiniers  plant  your  trees. 
Mark  this  (’eiiteuiiiiU  ye.'u'  hy  millions  of  trees 
l«lantuil  along  Uie  juiblic  highways.  An  average 
of  It)  days  judiciously  employed  hy  each  fiunier 
ill  the  cmmtn’.  in  planting  highway  ti’ees  cannot 
fail  to  iirove  a  satisfactory  investineut  of  time. 
Plant  xvitli  care  and  mulch  thoroughly,  these  are 
impoi’tanteoiKlitioiiB  of  success. — J.  o. 
AViiUi  fences  have  not  generally  proven  success¬ 
ful  in  fields  constantly  qiastured.  The  plan 
above  sketched  seems  to  be  well  adapted  to  road¬ 
side  f cnees  and  is  well  worthy  of  the  considera¬ 
tion  of  farmers. 
- - - - 
SEEDING  CLOVER  FOR  FALL  PLOWING. 
A  suriscRiBEU  to  the  lluuAi.  New'-Yobkek  asks 
us  wKelher  we  would  'advise  sowing  clovir  sei'd 
on  a  piece  of  wheat  wliieh  he  iiitouds  to  plow  up 
and  re-sow  in  the  fall.  The  soil  is  rich  and  the 
I  wheat  has  a  good  grox^h  and  prumisoR  a  large 
I  yield.  The  lii.fid  xvas  a  Clox'er  lex  and  a  fine 
I  groxx-tli  of  clover  xvas  plowed  under  last  snuimer. 
*  Our  friend’s  idea  is  that  by  sowing  clover  seed 
early  fiufticient  groxxih  might  bo  obtaiiu'd  to  jiay 
for  tho  seed.  In  this  xve  thiiilc  he  is  mistaken. 
Glover  the  firHt  year  does  not  amount  to  niuch, 
and  tho  roots,  xvhich  are  the  most  irnportunt  jxir- 
tion,  are  x'ory  sniall.  If  plowed  for  xx'heat  it 
should  he  tnnied  under  as  soon  ns  the  grain  Is 
’  harvested,  and  tliis  xvould  leave  less  time  for  it 
to  grow'.  Be.sides,  if  the  wheat  proves  a  good 
crop  it  will  kee|>  the  clnx'cr  down  until  hanest. 
Infill  probability  much  of  tin' clover  Beed-sowii 
xvHl  lie  smothered  by  the  luxuriant  xvheat  fa-op, 
and  you  xvill  have  a  bottfw  ehunce  for  getting  a 
good  catch  of  clover  to  wail  till  next  year  Is-fore 
seeding.  Glover  seed  is  likely  to  be  dear  this 
spring,  and  it  is  hardly  xvm  th  while  to  soxv  it  f  x- 
cejit  xx'liere  tiiere  is  a  gmsl  chance  lor  a  cateh. 
For  some  reason  xvln-at  aft<-r  a  fallow  ernp 
wheat,  oats,  barley  corn  or  jiotatoes — secures  a 
better  seeding  of  clover  tliiiii  wheat  after  ft  clover 
ley.  Honco  on  rich  soil  xve  should  not  In-sitnle, 
if  other  circnmstftm'es  made  it  advisable,  to  si»w 
two  crops  of  wheat  in  snectission.  itc.serve  the 
cost  of  the  clover  seefl  now  and  use  it  in  the  fall 
to  drill  in  some  siipf-rphospbate  with  the  grain 
and  it  will  give  innch  better  results  Ibfiii  what 
little  clover  von  could  have  to  turn  under  after 
name  is  not  foniid,  for  afiy  (!ncnrl>it  (or  ff>y  aoy 
other  friul),  in  the  earlier  F.nglish  herbalists— 
I  before  16-50.  It  is  used  by  Sliakes]H  aro  for  an 
;  immature  iiea-pod — periuips  so  called  because  of 
its  f-inptiuoss,  ^i,  e.  easy  to  Ix'  crnslnsl.  or,  as  xve 
j  Homelinios  hear  in  the  vulgar  diaUict  of  N'exv 
I  England,  Ui  Ik.-  Sf/««.v7/cf/. 
I  <i(!iiig  South  xve  find,  still  cai  lifU',  txvo  Virginia 
tUieiirhits,  with  Indian  naines  adopted  hy  tlm 
I  English,  and  htill  in  nsi* :  the  Marork  and  the 
;  f  'lfs/ioni  (eorrnpted  to  “  Ki'i'shaw.")  Glnsins 
I  (Exotic  1.  ii.,  c.  2)  desCrihes  the  '■  Mnrncipi'fr 
I  \  'ir<iinicnftiiiia  forte,''  from  the  specimen  sent 
I  him'  from  Jxmdon  in  1.501.  which  James  (iavet 
I  bronght,  from  “  ’Whi^aiulerniyw  Provineia,  ipiaiii 
Angli  Virgiiihiiii  nunciijiarunl.’'  This  siiecitnen 
'  was  h.ard  sliolled,  orbiculule.  about  four  inches 
diameter,  the  seefls  fiat  and  lieiirt  slnqicd.  la 
:  tlic  fslition  of  1605,  he  mention.^  tlio  receipt  of 
another  Hpecimen,  wliieh  young  John  dc  Laet 
Ixmglit  of  a  sailor  at  .Amsterdam.  Of  the  former 
hi- says,  "  .As  it  is  reiinrted  to  Jnive  coinr- from 
Virginia,  1  readily  pf-rsiiadt-  myself  that  it  is  thc- 
saiiie  wliieh  tbf!  natives  of  that  coiinti'y  call 
I  M(w{M'ipeey."  etc. 
I  Hliaeliey.  in  tils  “  Historic-  of  Tiavaile  into 
i  A’irgiiiiH.”' 1610  12,  describes  tliis  species:  "Tlie 
I  iiuieokoK  is  of  tho  fonn  of  onr  ymmpeons— I 
must  eonfesse,  notliing  so  good — 'tis  of  a  more 
I  wahn-isti  last.”  "'The  inliabitiints.”  he  adds, 
j  •“  seethe  a  kind  of  inilltoii,  wtiich  l.hey  put  into 
'  tlieir  walniil'iiiilke,  and  so  make  alixuid  (if  lootli- 
,  .  ,1  .  Ill  _ *  .  4,.,,.  i  some  iiient."  ITliis  xx’as.  evidentiv.  the  rudi- 
liarvest.  It  wil  probably  cost  now  two  (  ollais  ,  ,  j„  the  IiKlian  vocalml- 
oi-  more  to  si-od  an  acre  xvith  clover  seed,  and 
(his  would  H|iply  nearly  100  cwt,  of  sniiei’iilioH- 
jilnite  to  the  grain,  drilling  it  in  e\i-nly  witli  the 
seed,  'Pile  eli.'inoes  are  that  this  would  give  a 
grofttcr  weight  of  concentrated  fertilizer  than 
the  entin-  amount  of  chm-r  that  cOn  Id  Is- scraped 
from  llie  soil  in  .August,  including  mots,  stems 
and  leavi-s. 
'Pliere  is  nothing  magical  alxuit  clover  as  ma¬ 
nure,  It.s  chief  value  is  in  loosening  and  fi<-riiting 
the  Niihsoil,  iind  this  it  hardly  begins  to  do  until 
tiie  second  year  of  it.s  growtli.  and  only  accom- 
plishes  poifectly  xvhen  it  is  allow i-d  to  gmxv 
without  disBirhanc-e  till  it  has  blossunied  twicc- 
once  for  hay  In  June  and  ag.-iin  for  seed  in  Sep¬ 
tember.  'The  small  amonnt  xvhich  will  groxv  in 
one  season  i.s  hardly  worth  considering  while 
clover  seed  is  as  dear  as  it  i.s  this  year. 
(Trofs. 
VEGETABLES  CULTIVATED  BY  INDIANS. 
The  qiieslion  as  to  what  vegetahleH  xvere  cnl- 
tix'atrd  by  the  original  inlmbitaiits  <»f  tliis  couii- 
tiy  can  luirdly  fail  to  Ik-  of  interest  to  their  suc¬ 
cessors  the  .Xmericaii  farniers  of  to  day.  I’roh- 
ftbly  tlie  agriciiltnre  of  the  IndiaiiM  was  of  a  xa  iy 
liriniitivij  cli.a.rueti-r,  but  m.aize  (Indiaii  eoru.j 
pumpkin,  fajiuish,  and  tobacco  and  beans,  seem 
well  cstalilislied.  'Plie  mixture  of  green  corn 
and  beans  in  tlie  Indian  dish,  called  succnta”li, 
will  iHuliulily  always  retain  its  piimitive  name 
and  be  a  memorial  of  the  aboi  Lgiiics  Jong  after 
they  have  pussr-d  awiiy.  In  tlii^  Bulletin  of  tlie 
'PoVrey  Botanieiil  Glnb  we  find  a  letter  fmin  Dr.  .1. 
JlAMiXioxi) 'PiuiMian.i.  of  Hart  ford,  r'oiiii..  giving 
sonxi'  x’ery  interesting  facts  .aliont  tlie  alioriginal 
agiicultnro  xvliieli  may  be  new  to  many  reaik-is. 
Wo  copy  as  folloxvs ; 
1  ('Oiild  nox’or  discover  xvhevo  llie  doubt  came 
in.  as  to  the  .American  origin  of  several  xvell- 
kiioxvn  viU'ii‘ties  <d'  (to  quote  old  I’aikiiison) 
"these  (loind.s.  or  Alillions  a.s  some  call  them,  oi- 
Pomiiions  as  1  may  call  tiiem.” 
First,  for  tin-  northern  x’aricties  of  "  Siinasli.’’ 
lu  the  last  i-ditiou  of  AVebster’H  Diclion.iiy,  I 
g-ave  bric-fiy  the  origin  andnieaning  of  tiie  name, 
and  more  fully  in  a  nnte  to  niy  edition  of  Itogev 
Williftin’s  "Key,”  p.  PiS.  It  is  luique.stioniibly 
of  Algoiikin  origin.  'Tlie  root,  osq,  tlciiotes 
sonietliing  iumiatniv  or  not  eomplete  :  licnce.  it 
takoH  the  two-fold  meiuiing,  raw  (i.  e.  not  eooked ) 
and  green  (not  ripe).  It  became  the  generic, 
name-  of  fruits  and  vegetubles  xx'liicli  miglit  be 
eaten  gieoii  or  raxv,  and  jinrt  icnlarly  of  Gncnr- 
bits.  'The  Indian  pilural  of  nsi/,  in  the  Massa- 
cliusetts  dialect,  is  nsi/na.s/i. 
AVood.  in  “New  England’s  Prospect,”  imhlislical 
in  16.34,  says,  Unit  “in  summer  xvhe-u  tho  cornc- 
is  s]ieiit,  Jaguuuter  sipm.s-iw.s  is  tiicir  best  bread,  a 
fruit  like  a  young  Puminon.” 
Roger  AVilliams  (1.  e.)  xvrote  i:i  lC4ii :  "  d.sFn- 
tanquash,  their  vino  apples,  xvliicli  the  English 
from  them  eall  ‘  Squashes,'  about  tho  bignesse  of 
apples,  of  several  colours,  a.  sweet,  light,  xvholc- 
HOJTit),  refrciduag. 
Elioi,  in  transiating  the  Bible,  imts  askooUusq, 
phu’al  ankouta^fjHOHh,  for  '‘cucumbers,”  in  Nxuu- 
bers  xi.,5;  quouooaxq  (ditcrally,  long-.asq)  fur 
“gourd inorM^kwtnsquaah.  for  "mnloiis,” etc. 
Josselyii  (N.  E.  Rarities,  57)  says:  “ Squashes 
but  more  truly  aipnniteraiiimahea,  a  kind  of 
melon,  or  rather  gourd ;  for  lli  .iy  often  ilegeiier- 
I  ate  into  gourds . 'Tlio  yelloxv  squash, 
I  called  an  apple  squash  (beeause  like  an  apple) 
'  and  about  the  bigness  of  a  pome-xvater,  is  the 
I  best  kind.” 
i  Ill  J-lngland,  the  name  ‘  squash  ’  xvas  under¬ 
stood  U>  be  of  American  origin.  Robert  Boyle 
niontiuns  hi.-i  experiment  xvith  the  seed  of 
I  “  squash,  xvhich  i.s  an  Indian  kind  of  pompion 
that  gi'oxvs  apace.”  (AYorksi  i.  4t)4.)  But  the 
I  ary  a]i]>endeil  lu  Strachey  s  Isiuk,  he  gives; 
I  “ //ni/in///-;/,  a  )»nnii)Pon.’' 
Beverley  ( Hist,  of  Virginia,  121)  describes  the 
1  Mdi'orka  na  "  ii  sort,  of  a  AleIo|)eponcH.  or  lesser 
soi'l  of  Pompion  or  G;ish.axx  ....  NV/no.s/i, 
nr  NV/non/ir-.’-’V/wn.s//.,  is  ttieir  n.anie  among  tho 
nortlu-rn  ( i.  e.  New  England)  Indians.  "  .  .  . 
'J'hese  are  summer  sqnuslii's.  ••  lu-ver  eaten  aftev 
I  they  are  ripe." 
j  "  Tlie  Virginian  JIaeoek  or  I’ompion.  Moeoeh  a 
I  Adrginiuni,  sive  Pepo  VirKiniiiiin.s.'  Is  deserilK-d 
I  in  Johnson's  (ier.arde  ( 16.16 1  p.  Dlfi;  and  on  ]). 
1  1)20,  he  figures  --'Tlie  siunll  round  Indian  Pom- 
I  ])ion”  and  “'Jlie  eoriierfsl  Indian  i'onipion." 
!  Tlie  latter.  IVoin  tliefignro.  may  bo  oiir  common 
!  HCfillop  squash.  On  page  h21  lu-  deseribes  tiie 
Virginian  \Vater*)iu-l(in,  ••  melones  uiiiialici  edii- 
t(;s"  rrom  a  s|tecinicu  brought  Oct.  10,  1621,  by 
I  Jolin  Gnodyer.  The  otlier  sjiecies,  he  says,  “are 
I  common  in  Eiigland,”  hiit  tlie  lust  d<>scribed  (the 
I  Water-meldu )  "  is  as  yet  a  stranger," 
I  The  A’irgiuian  Gushaw  (now  “  suinetiines  spelt 
Kersliaxx'.”  according  to  Bartlett,  xvliu  notes  it  as 
a  "  AS'estern  ”  name)  xx'as,  I  think,  onr  old-faHh- 
ioned  xxiiiter  (’rook  iii-ck.  lu  Hariot’s  Virginia, 
the  name  is  given  as  Ki  italmie,  xvhicli  is  prolialily 
I  the  Virginian  equivalent  of  the  northern  <t>iqu<( 
and  ''.aqitarh.  andof  tlie  niodernt'hippeway  nanu- 
!  of  a  s-piasli  or  pumpkin;  agiriaaimiu.  "Tliese 
Gii.'-7«ncs,  ’ Hay.s  Beverly  (  p.  124i“ftn-  a  kind  ol 
I’nmpion.  of  a  bluish  green  color,  streaked  wilh 
'  xvliite  xvlu-n  they  are  fit  for  nsu.  They  are  larger 
than  the  PonqiiunD,  and  h:ive  a  long,  narrow 
tit'ck. . I'lii-  Viiah<i)i-a  and  Poniiiioiis  they  lay 
liy.  which  wiil  keep  sex'eral  montlis  good,  after 
they  ai'o  gathered.'  tp.  1.52. ) 
None  nf  (he  North  .America  species  is  described 
or  n.-inied  by  Hodot  iw  (>r  lijs  tran,slntor,  Lyte,  in 
157S,  nor  in  till- exeeiteiil.  old  Ib-rltal  of  Jerome 
Book  (llieren.  'Tragus),  but  the  lattf-r,  in  the 
edition  of  1.5.52  (pp.  834  8361  .li  sribiug  the 
"('iii'iniiir  sen  /mv-oiiiaiinns,’  "oiUr  Jml.itin- 
I  lat-li  (teptfel.”  nieiitions  it  as  one  of  tin-  many 
I  speeiei  of  foreign  liliints  llitrisliieed.  within  tint 
panl  l'i:w  Years,  to  Geriimny  I'l'om  dir.(anl  cniiii- 
liies.  lie  ■lislingnishes  four  sorts  yj  •'  Mala  Jn~ 
iliea.  Iiidiiiniseh  Deptl'i-I"  ('roei'i,  Entea,  Git- 
!  l  ina,  and  Nigra.  “'I'lu-  'Aneea  'intii'iiui,  iia  they 
'  am  eonnnoiily  i-alled,  becanae  they  lirst  <-aiiio  cr. 
ullraiiiiirinu’a  nginnibas,  sonie  rmni  S^ria  and 
some  fioni  India,  as  llieir  po|>nlar  iiiiuies  testify, 
Zucco  tie  i^i/ria  uiid  Zkoco  de  t'l  ru.  ’  eU'. 
But  I  wiil  not  meddle  xvith  the  I’eriivian  or  the 
Mi-xiean  siui-ies.  As  i-ecanls  North  Anu-riciin 
I  varieties,  the  i'videnee  scorns  coiielusix'C.  Tlire.o 
varieties  at  least  still  bear  Indiiin  nanies.  xvhieli 
date  from  the  first  eOujing  of  Eni'o]n‘ans,  and  of 
I  tnesn  viirietie.i  wo  have  no  mention  before  tliey 
1  xvere  found  in  Nortli  America. 
TOBACCO  FARMING  A  FAILURE. 
The  losses  of  farmers  in  tho  Gonneetieut 
Vfdley  witliin  tin-  iiast  few  veai-s  from  low  prices 
of  tobaeeo  and  jiartial  faiiiue  of  mojis.  h-dxo  put 
(his  hianch  of  farrnliig  under  a  i-leiid.  .Air.  II. 
IlASKEEt.  in  a  ris'cnt  essay  published  in  the  N. 
E.  HoinesU-ad  draxvs  this  graphie  pietui  e  of  the 
elVect  oil  the  farineivi  <d'  Gnnni-etieiil. 
I  A  lew  years  ago,  tobaceuo  xvas  bringing  Ixxeii- 
ty-live  or  tliirty  ec-nts,  and  sornetiiiii-K  more,  tlu-n 
ox'<-ry  body  xvent  into  Llie  raining  nf  that  articlo. 
.Every  old  Iniilding  wv-is  tillc-d,  nexv  barns  xveut 
np  on  every  Imud.  Tho  xx'ced  xvas  raised  iqion  all 
kinds  of  soils  and  in  all  situations, 
j  What  has  been  tho  rosult?  'The  prestige  of 
I  tho  Gonneetieiil  A'alloy  seed  leaf  has  been  .-ilnuist 
I  ruined,  A  on  have  raise<i  nojis  of  every  color, 
fitiu-ss  and  quality;  perehanco  upon  the  same 
'  farm,  and  wliiii  stripped  they  xvere  all  pai-ked. 
togctJier,  tJilis  ruining  the  reputation  of  the  grow- 
j  er.  when  it  might  hitvO  been  tUirerc-nt,  if  each  lot 
had  been  seperato. 
AYhat  is  the  laospecL  for  tobacco  in  the  future  ? 
I  must  say  it  looks  dark  :  the  present  crop  is  now 
soUhig  at  "about  the  tiost  of  iirodiictiou,  in  many 
cases  less  ;  the  crops  of  1873  and  1874  are  selling 
at  fur  less  than  tlio  cost  of  production.  AVhiit 
I  does  it  ciist  to  raise- an  ami  ot  tobacco?  1  caii- 
I  not  figure  it  less  than  about  s;140,  and  1  doubt  if 
j  the  crop  of  the  valk-y,  uvorages  I4(HJ  lbs,  per 
acre,  so  that  I  think  it  «  positive  loss  to  raise  it. 
I  for  less  than  ten  eeiits  per  iiound.  At  those 
I  ligiu'cs  ijcr  acre,  a  larger  production  ean  be  rais¬ 
ed  for  less,  xvhilo  a  smaller  eo.sfs  more.  AlaiW 
farniers  say  that  tlu-y  cannot  niiHC  it.  at  even 
twelve  cents  per  lb. 
My  advice  would  bo,  if  yon  have  laud  suitable 
and  "bnildings  fitted  for  the  crop,  to  continue  to 
raise  xvhat  you  r.am  inainu'c  and  tend,  and  do  it 
an.l  no  more.  It  is  a  long  road  that  never 
curves.  It  has  turned  oaee,  and  it  xvill  again,  it 
I  may  never  pay  as  xvell  as  in  the  pa.st,  but  .still  be 
I  a  paj-ingcrop. 
