& 
MOORE’S  RURAL  NEW-YORKER. 
TWO  KINDS  OF  CATTLE  HUSBANDRY. 
The  fJolorftdo  Fanner  Bjiyu  of  the  two  Htylen 
of  cattle  ifi  owing  in  the  Weahtm  SfAtoH A 
citizen  of  New  Mexico  o^vuh  not  1or«  than  forty- 
two  townf<hi|>H  of  lantt,  and  has  it  slocked  witli 
sixty  tlmnsand  head  of  cattle.  In  Texas  there 
are  cattle  nmehoa  nearly  as  largo,  the  nninber  of 
cattle  ranging  from  twenty  to  llfty  thonsand 
head.  In  early  tinics  ranches  stocked  with 
twenty  or  thirty  thousand  cattle  were  not  im- 
oonimon  in  California. 
There  was  an  attractive  side  to  this  primitive 
cattle  husbandry.  It  was  a  grand  thing  to  send 
forward  herds  of  cattle  to  market,  or  torido  over 
a  domain  as  large  as  a  wliolc  county.  But  this 
kind  of  cattle  husbandry  involved  no  improve¬ 
ments.  No  crops  were  raised,  ro.ads  built 
fences  made.  In  short.,  cattle  raising  as  followed 
in  New  Mexico  an<l  Texas,  or  as  formerly  in 
California,  tends  to  barharisin.  The  business 
develops  nothing  that  is  host  for  the  individual ; 
it  stimalates  no  growUi,  encoiiragoa  no  agricul¬ 
tural  improvements,  organizes  no  society,  suiv 
ports  no  school,  and  docs  notliing  for  a  well- 
ordered  comnninify. 
There  are  few  who  sigh  for  the  good  old 
times  when  if  a  hungry  man  wanted  a  beef  he 
took  it  from  the  fields,  or  if  his  horse  gave  out 
he  exchangtsl  it  for  a  fresh  one  with  the  next 
ranch  man.  No  donht  the  rude  hospitality  of 
these  early  times  was  attractive.  But  then  an 
ox  was  worfh  little  more  than  his  hide  would 
hi'iiig,  and  a  horse  had  no  commercial  value. 
The  "pasUwal  days”  have  departed,  and  they 
are  succeeded  by  much  better  ones. 
The  now  cattle  husbandry  involves  the  best 
improvements.  Wien  a  farmer  umlertakcs  to 
raise  the  best  breeds  of  cattle  his  enterprise 
is  sure  to  carry  him  far  enough  to  adopt  the 
best  methods  of  culture.  The  home-fartn  is  jmt 
under  conditions  of  renewal.  It  Is  convctiieiitly 
sub-divided,  the  exterior  fences  are  well  built, 
and  the  problem  is,  how  many  cattle  can  be  siis- 
tained  on  a  given  munber  of  acres.  These  high¬ 
bred  cattle  will  pay  for  all  the  care  bestowed  up¬ 
on  them.  They  want  rich  pastui’o  and  a  small 
area. 
The  sheep  and  cattle  husbandry  which  have 
hocomo  accessories  of  the  liomo-farm  have  an 
Inlluenoo  just  the  reverse  of  primitive  cattle 
husbandi'y.  The  latter  was  coiiUnually  lapsing 
and  carrying  everything  towards  barbarism ;  the 
other  involves  skill,  stimulates  the  host  methods 
of  agriculture,  and  lifts  up  fanning  to  an  intelli- 
gont  and  attractive  homo  pursuit.  The  great 
ranges  of  Now  Mexico  and  Texas  may  servo  a 
useful  purpose  in  fimnishing  beef  for  pojiulous 
ciUos,  but  eruii  then  it  is  nut  the  best.  The 
businoas  will  disapiieai’  before  the  advancing 
wave  of  population,  because  the  very  conditions 
of  success  are  immense  ranges  and  an  absence 
of  population. 
While  it  is  undoubtedly  tnie  that  the  imnumse 
herds  of  cattle  raised  in  some  of  the  Western 
territories  are  not  favorable  to  thorough  breed¬ 
ing,  they  offer  the  greatest  facility  for  protitablo 
iinprovement  by  crossing  with  piu'cly  bred  stock. 
Many  small  fanners  in  the  Eastern  Htates  cannot 
afford  to  buy  Improved  stock  unless  they  are 
sure  of  co-oi>oiation  with  tlieir  neighbors,  in 
crossing  it  with  all  the  stock  in  the  ncigliborhood. 
Dnt  whore  a  man  o\ni8  hundreds  or  thousands 
of  cattle,  ho  is  made  independent  of  such  con¬ 
siderations,  and  can  buy  a  thoroughbred  bull 
solely  for  improving  liia  own  herds.  This  U 
being  done  to  some  extent,  and  this  tendency 
must  increase.  Those  who  keep  small  herds 
carefully  attended,  can  (irobahly  breed  thorough¬ 
breds  to  better  advantage  than  tlie  liordsmon  of 
Texas  or  the  Plains,  but  the  latter  arc  smo  to  be 
thoii'  best  customers. 
- ♦♦-4 - 
EXPERIMENTS  WITH  JERSEYS. 
A  coBKESPONDENT  of  tUo  Utlca  N.  Y.,  Herald, 
writing  from  Norwich,  N.  Y.,  says  that  John  S. 
Bhattuck  of  that  place,  has  been  instituting  a 
series  of  experiments  to  tost  the  milk  and  butter- 
making  qualities  of  bis  Jerseys,  compai'od  with 
other  cows  of  bis  dairy,  tbo  result  of  which  I  am 
enabUxi  to  present  substantially  in  his  own 
words,  as  follows ; — I  have  weighed,  he  says,  the 
fed!  of  four  cows,  weighing  the  milk  also,  and 
testing  the  milk  by  churning,  to  see  its  v,alue  for 
butter.  Two  of  the  cows  are  thoroughbred 
Jerseys  (small  cows) ;  the  other  two  are  grade 
Ayreliires  (good  sized  cows).  I  gave  t*j  each 
cow  the  following  rations  each  day  :~5  quarts 
sour  milk,  2J^  pmmds  shoi  te,  pounds  ooru 
meal  mixed,  and  22>.^  pounds  of  liay  to  the 
Jerseys,  and  27)^  pounds  to  the  Ayrshires.  The 
Jerseyi:  gave  in  7  days  5145  pounds  milk,  being  an 
avei'ago  of  24.C4  pounds  each  per  day.  The 
Ayrshires  gave  409  poimds  milk,  averaging  29.21 
pfiunds  daily.  Ihe  Jersey  cows  made  1  pound  3 
ounces  eaich  of  butter  per  day ;  the  Ayrshires  1 
pound  1  ounce  each ;  leaving  a  balance  of  2 
ounces  per  day  in  favor  of  the  Jersey  cows. 
This,  for  nine  months,  would  be  .S3.7i)  pounds. 
At  40  cents,  the  jirosent  price  of  butter,  tliis 
would  make  ^1.3..')0.  The  difference  in  Uio  cost 
of  keeping  with  hay  at  $10  per  ton,  is  2}^  nents 
t>er  day  in  faxw  of  tlio  Jeraej’s,  wliioh  would 
niake  $9.12  per  year.  The  calves  from  the  Jer¬ 
seys  are  worth,  at  a  low  estimate,  $30  each  more 
than  those  from  common  cows.  The  differonoo 
of  5  cents  ikt  pound  on  2.70  i>ounds  woulil  make 
a  differonco  of  $12..'fi  in  favor  of  the  Jersey  cow, 
wliicli  would  make  $57.10  in  f.avoroftho  Jerseys. 
Samples  of  the  butter  matle  during  this  experi¬ 
ment  were  prcsimted  for  the  examination  of  the 
Pa.rmer8'  (’liib  at  their  late  meeting,  and  a  com¬ 
mittee  of  Imttcr  deal i-TH  called  in  to  report  the 
difference  in  the  market*  price  of  the  siiccirarns 
on  oxhibilioii.  'I'lio  committee,  consisting  of  J. 
D.  Reed  and  J.  X.  (Jarr,  gave  it  as  their  opinion 
that  thoro  was  a  dilTorcncc  of  11  vo  cents  per 
pound  in  favor  of  tlie  butter  made  from  tlio 
.Jersey  cows  at  wholesale,  ainl  ten  cents  per 
pound  at  retail.  Tlic  I’(Xh1  in  tlio  above  tost  was 
given  raw  or  dry.  Mr.  Bhattuck  is  now  giving 
like  rations  to  the  same  cows,  cookisl  or  scalded, 
to  determine  the  relative  advantage,  if  any,  of 
feed  thus  prepared. 
4*4  . . 
JERSEY  CATTLE. 
The  following  article  relating  to  Jersey  cattle 
is  taken  from  the  Agricultural  (Eng.)  Gazette : 
If  the  value  of  Jersey  stock  is  to  rest  on  color, 
detorioration  will  siu-ely  follow  of  those  nsofiil 
qualities  that  are  so  far  noticeable  in  the  good, 
old-fashioned,  parti-colored  cow  than  that  which 
will  be  found  among  tlio  generality  of  tine,  high¬ 
bred,  whole-colored  fawns,  grays,  or  foxy,  so- 
called  Ji  rsoys.  1  have  owned  hundreds  cf  ac¬ 
climated  Jersey  stock,  and  have  never,  as  a  I’ule, 
found  the  whole-colored  sndi  largo  producers  as 
many  of  the  parti-colored,  but  the  most  ugly  and 
ungaitdy  beasts  of  the  lot,  yet  h«r  stock  have 
never  failed  to  show  their  large  biittor-makiug 
qualities.  'I'he  true  tJ^)o  of  a  .Yersoy  cow  is  in 
fact  an  animal  tliat  will  not  make  moat.  I  do 
not  say  that  this  is  not  improved  ujion  by  aocli- 
niatization  and  a  slight  introduction  of  a  hardier 
breed,  of  which  what  are  termed  Ohichostor 
Jerseys  are  tlie  laist  doscri|)tlon ;  uoitlier  do  I 
say  tliat  Jorsi^y  lireeders  in  the  Island  itself  have 
not  in  some  instances  a  liroed  that  shows  a  dis- 
tiositlon  to  make  some  flesh,  and  voi’y  probably 
may  then  bo  following  up  the  requu’emonts  of 
fashion ;  yet  I  inaiutaiutluitaimro  Jersey  should 
throw  the  bulk  of  her  feeding  properties  uito 
butter,  and  with  little  to  flesh.  The  parti-col¬ 
ored  good  cow  may  have  but  a  whito  ajiot,  iispee- 
ially  under  the  belly,  but  throughout  the  Issly 
the  rich  yellow  skin,  under  any  colored  hair,  will 
be  found  black,  white  or  fawm  I  have  seen  the 
commeiicoment  of  a  whole-colored  breed,  the 
])roporty  of  a  noble  duke,  to  obtain  which  I  have 
been  the  lioulthy  and  large-producing  cows  sold 
off  to  prevent  an  animal  with  the  slightest  stain 
of  that  one  color.  I  have  heard  from  good  au¬ 
thority  that  uaefnlucss  has  boon  sacriflcod  for 
fashion  in  tliis  instance,  which,  if  followed  up, 
as  it  rapidly  is,  1  have  no  doubt  that  the  fuUuo 
rich  Jersey  will  be  beef,  not  butter,  as  it  was. 
- 44-4 - - 
HOLSTEIN  COWS. 
The  agent  of  the  Shakers,  at  West  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  bears  tlie  following  testimony  in  favor  of 
the  Holstein  cows  for  the  butter  daby  : 
One  cow,  seven  years  old  in  the  spring  of  1375, 
calving  March  17,  ha#  given  on  an  average, 
twenty  quarts  per  day  to  the  present  date.  1 
tested  her  milk  in  butter  from  the  13th  of  Juno 
for  seven  days,  during  which  time  she  made 
fourteen  poimds  of  nice  butter,  with  no  extra 
feed  and  no  more  than  a  common  pasture. 
Tlie  secoml  cow,  si.x  years  old  in  the  spring  of 
1875,  calved  Hcptomber  22d,  1875,  and  after  four 
or  five  days,  her  milk  was  reserved  by  itself  and 
sot  for  cream,  after  lotting  the  calf  smrk  what  it 
would  three  times  a  day.  From  the  surplus  of 
seven  days,  I  found  on  weighing  the  butter, 
thu’teen  pounds  of  a  line  article,  and  in  total 
iluantity  per  day,  after  three  weeks  of  the  tiuio 
of  Uie  calf  sucking,  she  had  averaged  from 
Iwouty-four  to  twenty-six  quarts  iicr  day  of  milk. 
November  24th,  1874,  I  bought  a  thorouglihi od 
imported  Holstein  bull,  one  year  oUl  past,  and 
his  gain  in  ton  mouths  is  four  Inindred  pouuds, 
umldng  an  average  of  forty  pound#  jjer  mouth 
and  not  on  high  feed. 
They  are  a  line  growing  stock,  lai-ge,  goo<l 
feeders,  and  I  can  say  with  all  freedom,  that 
they  are  in  my  estimation  the  bo.st  for  mai'kct, 
milkers,  huttei',  oheeso,  oxen  and  beef  of  any 
thoroughbred  sks^k  now  known  in  the  countiy. 
I  slionld  lie  pleased  to  show  the  above  samples  to 
any  and  all  who  may  be  pleased  to  call. 
I  -  -44-4-  -  - 
j  SELLING  OATS  AND  FEEDING  BARLEY. 
A  coBEKsroNDEXT  of  tlic  Utioa  Herald  says : 
Fanners  have  been  awustomed  to  sell  their 
barley  and  food  tlick  oats.  That  was  quite 
proper  when  oats  were  worth  from  30o.  to  36c. 
per  bushel,  and  barley  $1.40  to  $1.6.'5,  Now  the 
situation  is  changed,  and  farmers  should  feed 
barley  and  sell  onto,  if  they  still  find  it  necessary 
to  grow  as  much  barley  as  fonnerly.  Barley 
will  always  bo  valuable  as  feed  for  horses,  cows, 
and  swine.  This  is  somothing  that  cannot  bo 
affected  by  a  vai-iablc  market,  and  heroin  is  the 
farmer’s  indopendonco.  His  stork  providos  an 
exccllmit  market  for  tho  barley  lie  cannot  sell, 
ami  it  lines  not  in  this  case  iiirrc.iso  the  evil  of 
intomperaiioc,  but  adds  matoiially  to  tlio  wealth 
and  prosperity  of  the  country.  Tho  effect  of 
barley,  in  fattening  any  kind  of  stock,  or  as  a 
substitute  for  oUier  grain,  is  excelleut.  In  feed¬ 
ing  horses,  I  find  it  bettor  to  boil  tho  barley  for 
the  horses.  Bai'ley  ground  and  cooked  for  iiigs 
is  not  Biurpassed  by  any  other  kind  of  feed  ;  it  is 
economical,  and  tho  pigs  like  it.  For  fcoduig 
cows,  I  prefer  mixing  barley  meal  with  tint  bran 
(as  it  is  rather  lieavy),  and  either  feeding  dry  or 
as  a  mash,  which  is  deddedly  tlie  best. 
Jiaiiu  liisbaiih'ii. 
DAIRYING  IN  THE  PROVINCE  OF  QUEBEC. 
THE  AQRICUITURAI  CONFERENCE  AT  SWEETSBURQ. 
The  Annual  Oonforonco  of  tlio  Agrieultm'al 
and  llorticultiu’al  Hocioty  for  tlic  District  of  Bed¬ 
ford,  Province  of  Quebec,  was  hold  at  Swoots- 
bmg  in  tho  above  Provinee,  March  15  Hi.  Tho 
plan  of  lids  Bociety  is  to  call  together  all  tho  dif- 
foront  Agricultural  Associations  in  tho  District 
in  annual  conCcrenco,  discussions,  addrcsso.s, 
Ac.,  being  cmitomplated  for  all  the  diffonmt 
societies,  and  to  have  tbo  various  societies  mior- 
ate  in  haraiouy  togoUicr,  wlulo  during  a  portion 
of  tho  time  occu]jiod  by  tho  Conference,  each  so¬ 
ciety  has  special  meetings  of  its  own.  Tho  Dairy¬ 
men’s  Association  of  tlio  District  belongs  to  the 
Conference,  and  this  year  tho  principal  work  done 
was  through  tho  nddrosses  and  discussions  on 
dallying  boforo  tliat  Association. 
Tho  original  idea  of  this  Agrlc.iiltmal  Coiifor- 
onco,  tho  geueial  foatmes  of  which  differ  from 
anything  in  tho  Btates,  belongs,  as  wo  were  told, 
to  tho  Hon.  C.  Dunki.v  who,  as  President,  organ¬ 
ized  tho  Association.  The  Amiiial  Conference 
last  year  was  very  largely  attended  and  proved, 
ill  every  respect,  a  great  success. 
The  President,  Judge  Duhkin,  having  recently 
gone  abroad  for  liis  iioaltli,  tho  chair  was  occu¬ 
pied  by  Mr.  Geo.  Cr.AoE.s,  who  expressed  his  ro- 
gi’ots  that  owing  to  tlio  ilhiess  of  the  Prosidont 
and  tho  absence  of  Mr.  H.  .S.  li'osiT.fi— who  had 
been  selected  by  tho  Executive  Conunittco  to 
take  tho  chair  on  tins  occasion  that  tbo  duty 
devolved  on  himself.  He  thought  it  proper  that 
a  committee  bo  uptiointed  to  draft  suitable  reso¬ 
lutions  ill  regard  to  Judge  I)i;nkix  and  tho  great 
work  ho  had  done  in  promoting  t  he  ugrioiutural 
interest  of  this  ilistrict,  and  tlio  following  Com- 
I  iiiittco  was  apixiinted Hon.  G.  B.  Baker,  \V. 
\V.  Lynch.  51.  P.  P.,  W.  0.  Baker,  VV.  Toof,  A. 
P.  Hulburt,  and  E.  J.  Morgan.  Tho  committee 
retireil  and  subsequently  prosentod  a  series  of 
resolutions  bighly  complimentary  to  tho  Judge. 
The  Cliairuiau  then  introduced  Mr.  X.  A.  Wii.- 
LABU  of  Now  York,  who  proceeded  to  give  an  ad- 
drosM  on 
BUTTER  DAIRYINO. 
Tho  speaker  coimuoneod  by  referring  to  tho 
enoriiions  cousuuiption  of  butter  in  the  United 
Btates,  and  Uiou  gave  in  detail  a  description  of 
tho  host  butter  cow,  her  manageuimit  and  tho 
prooesses  in  butter  making  which  were  calculated 
to  give  the  best  results. 
In  the  discussion  which  followed  some  import¬ 
ant  iiiforiiiatiou  was  liroiight  out  in  rogaixl  to 
dgirying  in  tlio  “  Eastern  Township.”  Tho  Dis- 
triot  of  Bedford  includos  tho  Counties  of  Hiiefford, 
BroniO  and  Missisquoi.  Brome  County  is  about 
29  miles  long  by  20  milos  wide.  The  soil  is  a 
gravelly  loam  and  pretty  welladaptoil  to  grazing. 
Farms  vary  in  size  from  HX)  to  400  acres,  the 
average  farm  being  alxiut  160  acres.  Tliis  will 
usually  carry  16  cows,  suuimor  and  winter.  There 
is  not  much  attention  paid  to  brooding,  though 
I  there  are  more  or  less  griwle  Bhort-Horns  and 
Ayrshires  scattered  tlirongh  the  herds.  There 
ui  o  ‘20  choose  factories  hi  tlic  County,  the  Iwgcst 
of  which  takes  tho  milk  of  about  500  cows.  Tlio 
average  product  is  about  276  pouuds  of  cheuso  to 
the  cow.  Mr.  Hawk,  who  has  throo  factories  in 
tho  Distiict  and  one  on  Ws  fanu  near  Bnghiun, 
iufunued  us  that  the  highest  price  paid  for  cheese 
dui'ing  the  past  season  in  this  section  was  lie. 
per  pound  and  the  lowest  rates  were  7c.  Thoro 
is  a  good  deal  of  buttw  ma<le  in  tlie  District  and 
all  at  farm  dairies.  The  mlUi  i#  usually  set  in  the 
common  small  pan,  but  during  the  past  ycaj-  the 
large  pans  have  been  inlriKluced  to  some  extout. 
AH  the  best  butter  goes  to  the  States — usually  to 
Boston,  for  which  2lc.  was  the  highest  figiue 
roucdicd  last  season,  and  much  was  sold  at  15c. 
to  18o.  per  pound. 
Farmers  generaUy  got  a  yield  of  two  packages, 
60  pounds  each  per  cow ;  but  extra  herds  umke 
a  yield  of  150  pounds  to  the  oow,  which  is  consid¬ 
ered  a  largo  yield.  Dairy  farms  aro  valued  ut 
$40  i)or  acixv  for  best,  and  good,  fair  farms  can 
bo  had  from  $16  to  $30  per  aoro.  Tho  farmers 
usually  grow  all  tho  grains  nooiled  on  tho  fann — 
wheat,  oats  and  corn.  The  yield  of  hay  on  the 
best  farms  is  about  two  tons  jior  acre.  Tho  east 
paid,  of  Ilroiue  tkmnty  is  well  watered  by  springs. 
Bhefford  (loiinty  lies  north  of  Brome,  is  some- 
wliat  rolling,  rough  and  stony,  but  is  an  oxcollent 
grazing  County.  Tlu're  aro  16  choeso  factories 
ill  this  Ootmty,  and  tlmfn  is  more  grain  raised  in 
tho  County  than  in  Brome.  About  half  tlio  pop¬ 
ulation  is  l'’reiich.  There  is  a  largo  quantity  of 
butter  made  in  tlio  County. 
Missisipioi  County  is  one  of  tho  host  farming 
CoiiritioH  ill  the  “  Eastern  Townships.”  It,  is  the 
oldest  and  riclicst.  ’The  loading  business  la  graz¬ 
ing.  There  aro  30  cheese  factories  in  the  County 
of  ahont  tlio  saiiio  size  as  those  in  Brome,  thei 
largest  having  600  cows.  Cheese  making  com¬ 
menced  in  this  County  at  Dunham  in  1865.  Tho 
best  farms  are  valued  at  $.60  per  acre,  and  cows 
arc  selling  this  spring  at  from  $26  to  $30.  which 
two  years  ago  would  have  sold  at  $45  per  head. 
Meadow  lauds  arc  broken  up  and  reseedwl  every 
fom'  or  live  years,  but  pastiu’es  aro  generally  per¬ 
manent,  or  not  often  put  under  the  plow.  Li 
brealuiig  up  meadows,  tho  first  crop  taken  off  is 
corn  and  tho  second  croit  is  wheat,  when  tlie  laud 
is  put  down  again  to  grass, 
EVENINO  SESSIBN. 
At  tho  evening  soHsioij  Mr.  Wieeabd  of  Now 
York  gave  another  address  on  “Curing  Choose," 
after  which  considerable  iliscussion  followed  as 
pi  tho  best  plan  of  constructing  curing  rooms. 
It  was  said  that  tlio  cheuso  factories  of  the  Dis¬ 
trict  were  very  detoctive  in  regard  to  regulating 
temperature,  and  there  was  quite  a  desire  on  tho 
part  of  factoi’ymen  present  to  make  improvement 
ia  this  dh'uetion. 
SECOND  DAY'S  SESSION. 
At  the  morning  session  the  Hon.  E.  A.  Bah- 
NAun  of  Montreal  gave  an  interesting  aildress  on 
the  more  important  reqiiisipjs  in  successful  fann¬ 
ing.  5Ir.  B.  lias  studied  tho  best  systems  of 
farming  in  Europe,  liaving  boon  employed  by 
tho  Dominion  GoveruuientPr  visit  different  eoun- 
tries  in  Europe  and  examine  the  host  farming 
districts,  with  a  view  of  inUoduciug  improved 
agriculture  in  Canada.  Ho  thought  the  loading 
principles  of  Agrieulture  could  bo  embraced 
under  hLx  heads,  viz. 1st,  Drainage;  2d,  Mel¬ 
lowing  the  soil ;  fid,  (.Ueanlng  the  soil  or  freeing 
from  woods ;  4th,  Manuring ;  5th,  &eediiig  at 
tho  proper  time  and  with  the  right  proportion  of 
I  sewls  ;  and  Ctli,  Cropping,  t'r  how  to  obtain  the 
I  best  crop  and  make  the  best  use  of  it. 
Each  of  these  points  was  discussed  at  consid¬ 
erable  length.  He  referred  to  what  had  boon 
done  in  Groat  Britiau.  Grie  hundi’od  yttars  ago 
tbo  average  yield  of  wheat  in  the  kingdom  was 
only  six  luisliels  per  aero ;  now  tho  average  was 
29  bufcliels  per  acre.  He  regarded  underdraining 
as  tho  basis  of  all  this  iinprovement ;  it  secures 
a  pormanout  benefit,  and  has  added  hmidreds  of 
niillions  of  dollars  to  profit.  He  estimates  the 
protit  to  be  at  least  froiu  30  to  40  per  cent,  on 
tho  average. 
In  rcgaid  to  mellowing  Uio  soil  he  illustrated 
tlie  bettor  yield  from  tliis  practice  by  comparing 
giudcn  cultiu  o  witJi  field  culture,  and  said  one 
reason  for  the  inimeuso  yield  of  gardens  was  that 
the  land  vi  as  bolter  prepared  to  reeeivo  tho  seed, 
and  the  constant  working  of  the  soil  operated  to 
produce  results  that  could  not  bo  obtained  in  tho 
usual  field  culture.  Ho  roferroil  to  the  advan¬ 
tages  of  rolling,  light,  sandy  soils  and  spoke  of 
the  heavy  rollers  used  in  Belgium,  where  fanning 
is  perhaps  couducled  better  tliuu  in  any  other 
country  in  Europe.  He  deprecated  in  stooug 
terms  the  waste  of  manures  by  Aineiican  foi’m- 
ors.  The  manures  are  not  only  left  to  be  loaclied 
out  by  ruiiiH,  but  they  aro  often  left  exijosed  to 
tlio  sun  and  air  until  a  large  sliarc  of  (heir  moat 
valuable  fertilizing  elements  is  dis.sipatod.  In 
Belgium  the  liquid  manures  are  considered  the 
most  viilnalilo  and  giv»  bettor  roturun  than  tho 
solid  excrements.  He  thought  the  liest  system 
of  savuig  Uio  liquid  manuro  was  to  have  It  ab- 
Horlied  by  plueiug  dry  earth  uixm  it. 
'f ho  address  was  li stoned  to  with  marked  at¬ 
tention,  and  from  the  happy  manner  of  illustiat- 
iug  mjiuts  to  be  urged,  was  made  very  instructive 
and  uitosroating. 
In  the  aftcnioon  .Mr.  Wiu.ahd  of  New  York 
gave  Ills  third  address  on  thn  "  Manufacture  of 
Clieoso.”  This  wiw  followed  by  a  Inicf  discus¬ 
sion,  in  vhidi  all  llic*  leailhig  points  from  the 
production  ol  tlio  milk,  its  iiaro  m  handling  to- 
getlwir  vitli  the  inanipulatioii  of  the  curds  were 
touchoil  upon.  ’ 
it  was  stated  at  tho  Convoution  that  the  num¬ 
ber  of  cliueso  factories  in  tho  “  EasU  rn  Town¬ 
ships”  at  tho  commoucemont  of  hist  vear,  was 
160,  and  that  tin:  prmtuct  of  cheese  mauufacture 
in  thL>80  townsliips  during  (lie  vear,  amounted  to 
l.ietwecu  'J,iAtO,OOl)  and  10,000,000  pounds.  Quite 
a  numher  of  imw  factories  will  go  into  operation 
Uie  present  year,  especially  in  the  French  coun¬ 
try.  This  part  of  iho  farming  population  in  the 
“  Eastern 'low  iishipa,”  having  learned  that  mudh 
bettor  profits  can  be  secured  by  dairy  Immiug 
tlxan  by  grain  raising,  in  causing  many  to  aban¬ 
don  grain  and  adopt  the  dairy. 
The  Couferenco  was  a  .--ry  pleasant  one,  and 
wa«  couuiUered  by  those  present  as  a  great  sue- 
