man’s  benefit,  nuining  to  waste  for  the  want  of 
the  hardy  yeomanry  of  Uie  North  U)  till  them, 
and  knowing,  as  1  do,  that  it  will  yield  an  abun¬ 
dant  return  for  men's  labor,  it  grieres  me  to  see 
the  toiling  millions  in  our  Eastern  cities  and  vil¬ 
lages,  who  are  living,  as  it  were,  from  hand  to 
mouth,  hardly  keeping  soul  and  body  together, 
when  here  they  could  cam  in  a  few  years  a  home 
for  themselves  and  children,  and  thus  secure  a 
good  bupirort  for  their  declhung  years. 
Wages  are  good,  and  every  available  man  can 
get  enjployme>»t  tlio  year  roimd  at  fair  terms.  A 
man  with  »  good  team  of  say  three  horses  and 
two  yoke  of  cattle,  with  a  breaking  plow,  can 
earn  his  $6  per  day  and  get  all  the  work  ho  can 
do;  or  can  make  more  money  by  running  a 
lteai>er,  Harvester  or  Header  tbrongb  the  harvest 
I  must  dose,  but  will  give  you  further 
vinous.  Good  to  very  good.  Illpcns  the  last  of 
September.  How  extensively  tills  jHiar  has  been 
propagaknl  and  disHeminatod  wo  have  no  moans 
of  knowing,  Iteyond  the  few  reports  occasionally 
appearing  in  local  papers  ;  still  it  may  have  been 
planted  largely  in  the  New  England  States. 
We  should  be  pleased  to  bear  from  those  who 
have  this  variety  in  cultivation,  in  order  to  learn 
BLACK-CAP  EASPBERRIES, 
It  is  r»iily  within  the  last  fifteen  or  twouty 
years  that  tlie  black-cap  raspheiTios  have  become 
sniliclently  popular  to  warrant  their  cultivation 
for  market.  Previous  to  the  period  named,  the 
few  reaching  our  city  and  village  markets  were 
gathered  from  the  woods  and  old,  neglected 
fields  and  clearings,  and  frciiueutly  this  fruit  was 
little  more  than  a  cluster  of  hard  seeds,  held  to- 
getlier  mth  a  small  (piantity  of  ahnost  jhiceless 
pnlp. 
AVe  have,  however,  no  one  species  of  wild  fniit 
which  shows  the  effect  of  culture  more  quickly 
than  the  black  raspberry,  especially  in  the  in¬ 
creased  quantity  of  the  pulp  surround¬ 
ing  the  seed.  litoisture  at  the  roots  / 
during  Uic  time  the  fruit  is  growing  / 
and  riiMjnlug  is  (piite  important,  hence  / 
the  henertts  to  he  derived  from  a  deep,  / 
rich  soil,  free  from  wcels.  'Jlie  latter  / 
condition  wvjurod  eiUier  by  frequent  / 
Btii  ring  of  the  surfacr-  or  covering  with  / 
some  kind  of  mulch.  I 
YOUNO  PLANTS  BEST.  I 
The  plants  will  grow  and  fruit  for  \ 
many  years,  but  the  largest  homes  are  \ 
always  secured  from  the  young  and  V 
vigorous,  the  decline  coming  with  the  \ 
thii’d  or  fouitli  season's  crop.  Of  \ 
ooureo,  by  giving  the  plants  a  rich  soil  \. 
and  good  utter  culture,  the  decline  in  ' 
quantity  and  size  of  tlio  fruit  may  ho 
exceedingly  slow,  hut,  as  a  nile,  the 
renewing  of  the  pliiiitatiou  every  half  dozen 
years,  or  setling  out  a  now  one  upon  fresh  soil, 
would  he  a  more  enononiical  system  to  pursue 
than  to  aitempt  to  re.st’.'re  an  old  one  after  it  once 
couunences  to  dei'.llne, 
Wliilo  it  is  douhtlcKs  true  that  tlio  hlack-cap 
raspberries  will  thrive  in  lighter  and  jiooror  soil 
than  (lie  re<l  vaiiotios,  still  they  show  the  effects 
of  high  culture  as  '(jnickly  and  give  as  good  ro- 
tnni  tluTcfor  as  any  of  our  cultivated  fruits. 
CHOICE  OF  VARIETIES. 
The  Jloolittle  was  one  of  the  first  which  at/- 
tractod  any  cou.siderahio  attention,  and  is  to-day 
one  of  the  very  best  of  the  thu'ty  or  more  aorta 
in  cultivation.  The  iilauts  are  vigorous,  hardy 
and  prolific,  and  the  berries  as  large  us  nay  v.ari- 
cty,  ripening  at  the  same  time  or  as  early.  Da¬ 
vidson's  Thornless  is  an  excellent  very  eaa'ly  sort, 
the  canes  having  few  or  no  tliorus  ni)on  them, 
but  arc  less  rigorous  than  the  above,  and  not 
quite  as  liardy. 
'I'lic  Seneca  is  a  valuable  variidy,  coming  in  a 
few  days  later  tlian  the  Doolittle,  perhaps  a 
tride  larger  and  the  canos  fully  as  vigorous, 
but  no  more  prolific.  The  berries  are  of  a  shin¬ 
ing  black  color,  covered  with  a  very  thin  light 
bloom,  honce  they  arc  not  likely  to  look  stah*.  if 
gathered  when  wet  with  dew  or  sUghtly  rubbed 
on  theix'  way  to  market. 
Tlic  Miami,  or  Mammoth  Cluster,  as  it  is 
known  by  both  these  names,  i.s  one  of  the  very 
largest  and  latest  sorts  in  cultivation.  It  is  an 
excellent  variety,  extending  the  season  tliis 
fruit  about  ten  days  beyond  that  of  the  Doolit¬ 
tle.  The  berries  are  covered  with  a  dense  bloom, 
which  helps  to  give  them  a  stale  appeax'auce 
when  sent  a  disUiuce  to  market,  or  if  gathered  in 
damp  weather. 
The  four  sorts  named  above  fill  up  the  season 
from  tlie  earliest  to  latest  and  possess  all  the 
good  qualities  known  to  belong  to  this  fruit,  still 
thei'e  are,  perhaps,  other  sorts  equally  as  good. 
The  Ontario  resembles  the  Mammoth  Cluster, 
but  no  better,  if  as  good.  The  Smprise  is  a  large 
and  excellent  sort,  its  principal  distinctive  char- 
acteristio  is  its  more  conical- shaped  berries. 
Fay's  Thornless  is  also  an  excellent  sort,  similar 
to  the  Doolittle,  ripening  at  tJio  same  time,  but 
the  canes  are  less  thorny.  Then  there  are  sev¬ 
eral  light  yellow  homes,  sjmtted  with  red.  but 
those  are  more  valuable  as  curiosities  than  for 
use. 
Bcasou, 
facts  in  regard  to  this  conntiy  as  time  and  op¬ 
portunity  offer.  K.  M.  House. 
Newton,  Kansas. 
Our  corresixiudent  is  needlessly  bestowing 
sympathy  upon  the  “  toiling  millions  ”  in  “  East¬ 
ern  cities,”  who  live  from  hand  to  mouth,  for 
they  oertaiuly  do  it,  if  at  all,  from  choice  and  not 
tlnougli  any  nocessity  or  compulsion. 
lietto.r  wages  arc  paid  to  laborers  of  all  kinds 
In  these  very  cities  and  villages  than  in  any  other 
plac<^  on  tlie  globe,  Iiosldes,  tlioro  is  more  uncul¬ 
tivated  lands  in  the  Eastern  States,  and  good 
rich  lauds  at  tlmt,  than  will  be  used  in  Uie  next 
century,  and  all  In  coaaeipionce  of  a  scarcity  of 
skilled  and  eflicieut  laborers  to  occupy  it.  We 
aeo  hnndreils  of  these  poor,  toiling  millions  as 
we  go  to  our  oflice  in  the  morning.  They  are 
sitting  comfortably  on  st'sts  in  the  shade  of  tiees 
in  the  city  parka,  while  their  wives  probably  are 
sweating  over  wa.slitub8  or  sowing  in  garrets  and 
their  boys  hlimluiig  boots  to  find  whorewitii  to 
pm-cliasc  fowl,  and  this  is  the  way  nine- tenths  of 
the  poor,  ahuseil  working-classes  of  over-crowded 
cities  look  for  work  and  can’t  find  it.  We  are 
inclined  to  think  that  neither  Kansas  nor  other 
Western  States  liaro  any  use  for  such  {leoplo. 
JACICSON 
if  it  continues  to  hold  out  as  good  as  the  above 
description  would  indicate. 
SUMMER  PRUNING  OF  FRUIT  TREES, 
AVji.i.mi  rAiiuY,  of  Now  Jersey,  is  always  get¬ 
ting  up  somelhiug  now  and  good.  His  Monarch 
of  the  West  strawberry  has  scarcely  been  allow- 
e<l  to  establish  itself  before  it  is  followed  by 
another,  this  season,  wo  believe  for  the  first 
time,  called  the  "  Star  of  the  West."  It  is  of 
very  shapely  appearance,  round  and  jtlump,  and 
must  speak  for  itself.  Thou  there  is  upon  tlio 
carpet,  tlie  ‘‘  Delaware  Itaspberry,"  tlie  fruit  of 
which  grows  to  a  good  size,  which  will  wo  pre¬ 
sume.  bo  tested  this  season. — OtTinanluwn 
A  conuEspoNDKNT  of  the  Journal  of  Horticul¬ 
ture  gives  the  following  very  excellent  reasons 
why  tiees  of  certain  kinds  should  be  pruned  in 
summer. 
The  summer-pruning  of  fruit  trees  when  well 
and  tiuiidy  done  promotes  health,  vigor  and 
fertility  -It  maintains  a  just  balance  between 
wood  gi'owtii  and  fruit  growth,  promoting  yet 
restricting  sucli  g.^owth  in  the  best  and  highest 
degree.  It]*revciitH  waste  of  vigor,  devoting  the 
precious  sap  out  of  which  every  part  uf  the  ti’ec 
is  formed— stem,  leaves,  buds,  blossom,  fruit — 
to  the  formation  of  a  wood  growth  short-jointed, 
sturdy  and  robust,  hristling  w  ith  blossom  l^lds. 
J'hus  the  prowth  is  tin  ned  to  its  logiliinale  pur- 
jHiso,  the  prodiielion  of  fruit  of  Uiu  Idghest  ex¬ 
cellence  in  the  greatest  possible  .abundance  in  a 
given  space.  How  is  this  done  ?  I  liave  before 
now  ti'ied  to  exidain  the  process,  hut  the  inquiries 
of  '•  F.  J.”  convince  me  that  I  must  be  more  ex¬ 
plicit. 
Lot  us  begin  ntlUo  heginiiiiig.  All  fruit  trees 
have  branches  ;  let  us  take  one  of  them  and  ex- 
jilain  its  treatment,  and  the  lesson  will  ho  appli¬ 
cable  to  the  entire  tree  of  whatever  form  it  may 
be.  Now  the  branch  has  two  distinct  growths, 
the  main  or  loading  shoot  forming  the  branch 
itself,  and  the  lateral  or  side  slioots  forming  llie 
spurs.  The  aiuiuul  elongation  of  the  leading 
shoot  should  not  exceed  18  inches  nor  be  nuich 
under  a  foot  according  to  the  habit  of  the  tro«», 
vei'y  robust  growth  reaching  the  maximum, 
slender  growth  being  confined  to  the  minimum, 
even  within  its  limit.  Neither  of  these  kmgths 
consists  of  one  clean  shoot  hut  of  parts  of  two 
grow  ths.  The  fii-st  pai  t  or  spring  grow  th  being 
pruned  or  piched  off  at  fi  or  9  inches ;  and  tlio 
second  or  midsummer  growth,  left  to  grow  un¬ 
checked  till  the  beglmiing  of  Heptemher,  is  then 
twisted  at  a  point  slightly  beyond  the  prescribcsl 
length,  and  the  end  left  attached  to  the  brancli 
and  hanging  downwaids  till  it  is  removed  In  the 
pnining. 
AY  hat  is  our  object  in  this  part  of  the  process? 
Just  Oiis— to  induce  a  prompt  formation  and  an 
even  dlsti’ibution  of  internal  growth  or  side 
shoots  along  the  entire  length  of  the  branch,  to 
which  end  we  pinch  off  the  tip  of  the  sprmg 
shoot,  and  so  checking  the  upward  flow  of  sap  we 
divert  it  into  other  channels,  as  Is  shown  by  the 
iucreasiug  size  of  each  leaf  and  the  lateral  bud 
at  its  base  which  so  promptly  follow’s  the  pinch¬ 
ing.  But  we  do  more  than  this,  for  wo  gain  at 
hast  a  year  in  every  season  of  growth,  no  mean 
result  of  our  manipulation  being  that  we  induce 
the  tree  to  do  the  work  of  two  seasons  in  one ; 
and  ill  the  treatment  of  young  ti'cea  we  may  go 
even  further  than  this,  and  claim  to  effect  the 
the  work  of  several  seasons  in  one  by  the  rapid 
formation  of  fruiting  buds  which  we  induce. 
In  our  treatment  of  the  side  shoots  wo  procticd 
upon  the  Kouio  principle,  only  with  this  advan¬ 
tage — that  as  each  extension  is  limited  to  about 
an  inch,  often  less,  we  are  enabled  to  effect  a 
little  more  by  proceeding  in  this  way.  AVhen  the 
shoots  ai'e  long  ouuugh  to  have  become  some¬ 
what  stout  and  stable  at  the  base  they  are  short¬ 
ened  to  one  or  two  eyes,  which  in  a  very  favor¬ 
able  season  push  into  growth  so  promptly  that 
A  GLIMPSE  OF  TEXAS 
III  your  “Ai'ound  the  Republic.”  will  you  please 
to  take  in  tliin  interesting  slice  of  ”  Undo  Sam’s  ’’ 
forn  Jinna  in  one  course  of  your  Hying  trips. 
Many  of  us  arc  anxious  for  said  visit,  and  few- 
ing  that  the  all-abaorbing  Centennial  may  divert 
your  attention.  I  thought  you  might  pardon  me 
for  taking  the  liberty  of  jotting  down  some  little 
items  of  interest  to  those  who  might  be  looking 
aromid  for  a  future  homo  in  Home  locality  more 
inviting  tlian  tlicii'  present  one,  or  tlioso  whose 
surroundings  may  be  such  as  to  compel  them  to 
.seek  a  locality  Avhci'o  less  capital  will  swure  a 
desirable  homo. 
I’eriuit  me  to  give  a  few  condensed  facts  as 
to  what  may  bo  found  and  realized  in  Texas. 
The  climate  of  Texas  oannot  be  cxcellwl  for  its 
mildness  and  healthfuluess,  and  perhaps  has  not 
its  equal  in  Uie  Uniou,  unless  California  may 
come  up  til  its  standard. 
The  temperaturo  of  winter  for  four  years  past, 
(mciui  average)  .S5'^ — ^Ther. , higliest,  K)**  i  lowest, 
'I'P.  Except  the  winters  of  ’7,S  and  '74,  Utli  of 
Jaimarj’,  the  extremes  of  IG  was  reached.  The 
summer  heat  is  an  average  of  G8'^ — extremes  98” 
and  48”.  Hummer  heat  always  temiiered  by 
Gulf  winds,  and  our  cold  days  in  winter  are  but 
few — not  more  tiian  ten  or  fifteen  days,  and  ore 
produced  by  heavy  North  winds  of  from  one  to 
three  days’  duration,  and  as  soon  as  North  winds 
abate,  warm  siirlng  weather  prevails. 
Grass  and  garden  vegetables  flourish  all  win¬ 
ter.  Tliero  has  not  been  a  day  in  tlie  last  four 
iium- 
^iVOllllll  tjjC 
MORE  PRAISE  OF  KANSAS, 
my  articles  in  yonr  paper,  asking  for  further 
particulars  concerning  tliis  locality,  its  bealtli- 
fulncBs  nalorul  resoiu'cos,  etc. 
Nature  has  done  all  that  man  could  wish  to 
make  the  Arkansas  Valley  one  of  the  first  agri- 
cuHmal  States  in  the  I'liion.  A’ou  will  find,  by 
referring  to  the  map,  that  Kansas  occupies  the 
middle  spot  of  North  America,  equally  distant 
from  the  Atlantic  on  the  East  and  the  Pacific  on 
the  West,  thus  occuiiying  a  central  position  on 
this  continent. 
To  such  advantages  of  situation  on  the  very 
highw'ay  between  two  oceans,  are  added  a  soil  of 
nuBurjiassed  riebnoss  and  a  faseinalitig.  undulat¬ 
ing  beauty  of  surface,  with  a  bcalth-giving  cli¬ 
mate  calculated  to  nurture  a  iiowerful  and 
generous  peoiile,  worthy  to  be  a  cential  pivot  of 
American  institutions. 
1  have  found  by  a  tliiee  years’  residence  in 
Honth-western  Kansas,  tliat  all  that  has  been 
written  in  regard  to  tliis  countiy  can  be  more 
than  realized  by  proiier  management. 
Our  crops  are  looking  very  promising.  The 
wheat  harvest  has  already  been  commenced,  and 
by  next  week  irill  become  general.  Oiu-  stieets 
are  thronged  witli  farmers  who  arc  lianUng  home 
their  harvesters,  reapers,  etc,  preparatory  to 
making  a  general  onslaught  on  the  wheat  fields 
next  week. 
It  is  sniqirising  to  see  the  amount  of  farm  ma¬ 
chinery  that  is  taken  out  of  tliis  town  daOy,  and 
it  would  bother  some  of  your  Eastern  fanners  to 
know  what  they  were  to  do  with  it  all  on  this 
“great  American  desert,"  which  has  only  been 
settled  up  about  five  years.  But  then  when  you 
go  out  into  the  country  and  behold  the  liror,d 
tiold.s  of  gi'aiu  ripening  for  the  harvest,  aud  real¬ 
ize  the  very  few  hands  that  we  have  to  cut  and 
take  care  of  it,  you  will  be  convinced  that  were 
it  not  for  the  machinery  it  would  he  impossible 
to  do  our  harvesting  in  season. 
AVe  have  been  having  garden  products  on  our 
tables  for  the  past  tw'O  or  tbreo  weeks,  and  now 
potatoes  and  green  jieus  are  in  oiu'  markets.  To 
one  like  myself,  who  lias  been  u.spM  to  living  at 
the  Nortli,  these  eaidy  vegetables  ai'o  delightful. 
AA’hen  I  see  the  broad  acres  spread  out  here  for 
years  (except  January  of  ’74)  that  a  goodly 
her  of  vegetables,  fresh  from  tlie  garden,  could 
not  be  obtained  for  the  table,  and  beef  and 
mutton  of  good  quality  from  native  grasses. 
Two  crops  of  Irisli  potatoes,  throe  of  turnipSi 
two  of  cabbage  per  anuin,  and  sweet  potatoes  are 
taken  from  the  ground  the  year  round.  The 
Lima  bean  does  not  rest  from  its  labors  but  three 
months  in  the  year. 
The  numei'ous  herds  of  cattle  and  slieep  driven 
out  of  Texas  have  no  taste  of  any  other  food  but 
grass,  and  never  were  in  an  inclosurc  but  at  breed¬ 
ing  time. 
But  to  shorten  my  remarks.  AA'o  aro  now  dig¬ 
ging  our  lii'st  crop  of  Irish  potatoes.  Onions  aro 
gatJierod,  and  berries  have  been  in  use  for  two 
montlis  past.  Plum  pies  are  now  on  docket. 
Roa.sting  ears  of  corn  coming  in— corn  in  silk. 
Oats  cut  and  in  stack.  AA'hoat,  do.  or  threshed 
out.  Much  hay  in  rick  (first  crop).  Figs  and 
peaches  full  grown.  Broom  corn  heading  out — 
we  make  two  crops  of  brush  from  one  planting 
of  this  crop.  Good  railioad  transportation. 
Market  at  homo.  Plenty  of  good  lumber— price, 
^25  jicr  1,000  feet.  Cheap  lands— all  tillable. 
I’rice  of  lauds,  from  $2  to  «4  per  acre.  Plenty 
of  tirabei"  and  ]*raiiie.  Good  waUw  and  plenty  of 
it.  Hcttlemonts,  schools  aud  cliurches  all  over 
tJie  Slate.  Texas  is  sparsly  settled  noai'ly  all 
over,  and  evcrvbodv  is  land  poor,  and  anxious  to 
soil  Hoiiu;  of  ‘bis  lands  to  get  noighlxirs  and 
moiiev  to  pay  taxes.  Taxes  low.  Good  free 
Bohool  Bystcni.  A  pai-adise  for  men  of  small 
capital — a  Jieaven  for  men  of  lai’ge  capital. 
Uonzales,  Texas.  B*  Bb.4GH. 
THE  JACKSON  PEAR, 
It  should  not  be  taken  as  eonclusivo  proof 
that  a  variety  of  fruit  originating  in  a  cold  cli¬ 
mate  must,  as  a  natural  consequence,  be  more 
hardy  than  one  of  the  same  species  raised  in  a 
milder  one.  StiU,  if  wo  were  lacking  for  fruits  to 
be  cultivated  in  Vermont,  we  should  prefer  to 
trust  those  sorts  wliich  originated  in  the  North¬ 
ern  States  than  in  the  Southern. 
The  Jackson  Pear,  of  which  we  give  an  accom¬ 
panying  outline,  originated  in  New  Hampshire, 
and  is  considered  a  valuable  sort  for  the  New 
England  States.  Downino  describes  it  as  fol¬ 
lows  :  Free,  vigorous  and  productive.  Young 
wood,  dull  reddisli  broivn.  Fruit,  medium,  ob- 
ovate  short  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  somewhat  rus- 
seted.  Stalk,  long  and  curvinl,  fleshy  at  its 
junction,  inserteil  in  a  slight  cavity.  Calyx, 
small  and  open,  set  in  a  rather  deep,  abrupt  ba¬ 
sin.  Flesh,  white  and  juicy.  Flavor,  brisk  and 
