tnm  to  its  power.  It  is  the  fine  foliage  that  lays 
the  germs  of  fine  biinches  and  also  fofsls  them 
with  l)ottcr  and  more  for  food.  The  bnds  on  the 
haso  bear  a  close  relation  to  the  leaves  in  size 
and  vigor.  And  It  is  not  too  ranch  to  say  that 
the  bunches  of  the  one  year  are  the  products  of 
the  leaves  of  the  preceding  one. 
Dv  the  jwooess  of  stopping  all  tendrils  should 
also  l>e  rennoved  from  vinos.  As  under  cultiva¬ 
tion  vines  are  generally  tied  in  position  and 
supported  by  artillcial  moans,  it  is  alike  a  waste 
of  force  and  material  to  allow  them  also  to  manu¬ 
facture  their  own  ties  in  the  form  of  temirils. 
Those  produced  on  the  bunches  shonld  l»o  re¬ 
moved  at  the  earliest  moment ;  atnl  if  stopping 
is  commenced  in  time  and  iiersistcntly  jirosecutcd 
tliroughont  the  season,  there  will  be  a  few 
tendrils  developed,  for  the  pouits  moved  will  al¬ 
so  include  most  of  the  tendrils. 
two  years  old,  should  bo  set  out  ten  to  fifteen 
feet  apart  according  to  the  habit  of  the  variety, 
and  in  a  good  rich  soil,  as  Uie  fig  is  a  rank 
grbwer  and  gross  feeder  and  it  would  be  diflicult 
to  make  tbe  soil  too  deep  or  too  rich.  Good 
after  culture  is  also  rtvjnlred,  and  if  the  soil  is 
naturally  porous  mulching  should  bo  applied  in 
spring  to  prevent  tbe  trees  suffering  from  drouth. 
with  a  wounded  one.  The  last  is  the  nearest 
illnstration  to  the  stopping  of  grape  vines.  It 
is,  in  fact,  a  foi'ciblo  stoppage  by  the  removal  of 
the  bead  of  each  shoot  or  growing  braiicli. 
Htopijing  being  then,  the  removal  of  the  heads 
of  the  growing  shoots,  the  next  step  is  to 
detennino  what  shoots  are  to  be  stopped,  and  to 
what  extent  this  beheading  should  be  carried. 
The  leodmg  shooU  of  vines,  as  a  rule,  are  not 
stopped.  Those  shoots  may  be  one  or  many, 
ac<5ording  to  tbe  system  of  training  adopted.  On 
the  rcstriotivo  mode  of  tiaining — that  is  one 
root  and  one  rod,  or  one  ^ino  plant  to  each  raft¬ 
er— there  Is  but  one  leading  shoot.  The  highest 
branch  on  tbe  vino  is  led  on  further  to  furnish 
more  groiuad,  until  tlie  vino  roaches  from  tlio 
wallplatcs  to  the  roof  of  the  house.  Even  after 
all  the  rafters  and  roof  area  are  furnishod, 
these  leading  shoots  are  generally  encouraged  to 
grow  freely  for  a  time  without  stopping,  and  to 
run  down  the  back  wall  or  anywhere.  A  free 
growth  ahead  is  useful  in  developing  new  and 
strong  roots  at  bottom,  and  in  bringing  up  a 
full  and  vigorous  current  of  nourishing  fluid  to 
the  whole  of  the  fruit-bearing  branches  and 
leaves  of  vino  plants.  lienoo,  chiefly,  tlic  rea¬ 
son  why  the  leading  shoot  or  shoots  are,  ns  a  rrile 
allowed  to  nin  on  without  stopping.  Occasion¬ 
ally,  liowevcr,  they  are  stopped  to  gain  addition¬ 
al  strength  or  oompactucss  of  growth,  lint  tills 
is  so  different  to  what  18  generally  mount  by  the 
stopping  of  grape  vinos,  that  it  will  bo  lictter, 
for  the  sake  of  lucidity,  not  to  confound  it  with 
BRITTLE  SWEET  APPLE 
Hweet  apples  are  not  general  favorites  among 
our  people,  still  those  who  do  like  sweet  sorts 
want  the  very  bout  which  can  be  had. 
Of  course  wo  expect  that  there  will 
l>e  a  difference  opimon  on  this 
point,  and  some  wiU  call  a  juicy, 
moderately  sweet  a|rple  superior  to 
one  containing  a  great  deal  of  sac-  ^ 
charine  matter,  hut  rather  dry.  'J’he 
Brittle  Sweet,  of  whicli  wo  give  the  / 
accoiuiianying  outline,  is  hut  slightly  / 
known,  but  is  such  an  oxcclicnl  sort  / 
that  some  of  our  readers  may  wish  to  / 
give  it  a  trial,  hence  our  calling  at-  / 
tcntioii  to  it  at  this  time.  / 
Its  origin  is  unknown.  The  tree  | 
is  moderately  vigorous  and  very  pro- 1 
dnctivc.  It  is,  however,  one  of  tbe  I 
best  in  cultivation.  Emit  above  \ 
medium,  roundish,  aiiproaching  con-  \ 
ical.  Color,  pale  yellow,  shaded,  \ 
splashed  and  marbled  over  m  arly  \ 
the  entire  surface,  with  shades  of  \ 
light  and  dark  crimson  red,  many  \ 
small  gray  and  white  dots.  Rtalk  \ 
rather  short,  slender.  Cavity  regu- 
lar,  broad,  moderately  deep.  Calyx  ^ 
closed.  Hegnicnts  siunll,  often  re¬ 
curved.  Jiasin  small  corrugated.  Flesh  yellow¬ 
ish,  crisp,  bmder,  juicy,  with  a  peculiar  honeyed 
sweet,  and  slightly  aromatic.  Core  rather  largo. 
Very  good.  Ccbiljcr  and  Novomlior. 
TREE  PLAMTING  IN  CALIEORNIA, 
In  California  everything  is  done  on  a  large 
scale  if  at  all.  Grape  vines  are  planted  by  the 
hundreds  of  thousand  and  wheat  fields  extend 
t<j  thousands  of  acres,  and  their  groves  of  forest 
trees  are  what  in  tlic  Ea.st  would  ho  called  exten¬ 
sive  forests. 
Of  lato  Californians  have  commoncod  tlio 
planting  of  forest  trees  and  this  too,  upon  the 
same  extended  scale  which  maiks  all  their 
operations.  Tlic  Blue  tium  tree  at  present  be¬ 
ing  a  general  favoriUt,  wo  are  given  an  inkling 
of  the  manner  of  handling  this  tree  in  a  lato 
numtKir  of  tlic  Los  Angeles  Express. 
On  the  Laguua  ranch,  seven  miles  from  Los 
Angelos,  Mr.  H.  H.  Hpouocr  contracbxl  with 
Cx)l.  11.  H.  Baker  to  plant  7o,00n  Blue  Gum  (or 
Eucalyptus)  trees  in  a  field  of  a  100  acres.  Mr. 
Hiiencor  secured  a  largo  rpiantity  of  seed  from 
Australia,  and  plautc<l  it  in  boxes  at  his  place  on 
Hill  street.  As  soon  as  the  plants  began  to 
shoot  ho  transferred  thorn  to  other  boxes,  placing 
them  in  exact  uiwl  e<iual  distant  rows,  witJi  a 
view  to  transplanting  them  in  the  ground  as  ho 
is  now  doing.  Mr.  Spencer  invented  a  machine 
by  wlilch  tlio  tree  is  lifted  from  the  box,  with  all 
tho  earth  Burrounding  it,  and  injccled  as  it  were, 
into  a  hole  made  by  a  similar  machine  in  tho 
ground  whcio  it  is  t<i  gi'ow. 
Mr.  Spencer  a  contract  w  ith  Col.  Baker  re- 
rpiirns  him  to  plivlit  75.000  trees.  The  ground 
was  first  plowwl  and  then  rolled.  Five  wells 
were  sunk,  one  at  each  ooruor  of  Uio  flold  and  a 
huge  one  in  the  center.  These  arc  supplied 
with  force  pump,'  by  whicli  the  water  is  raised 
into  tanks.  A  nne  quality  of  water  is  struck  in 
eacli  of  these  wells  at  a  distance  of  about  tlu'ee 
feet  from  tho  siarface.  The  otovo  ii  laid  out 
with  drives  froiu  tlio  eutraiico.  facing  the  oountv 
road,  to  each  of  tho  wells  on  t  he  boundaries,  and 
thesi}  are  connected  wiUi  avenues  converging  to 
the  largo  I’cntrol  well.  An  open  circle,  about 
120  feet  in  diamoUM',  is  left  at  this  well,  where 
the  Colonel  iutend*  to  layout  arbors  and  groumls 
for  picnics,  etc. 
HOW  THE  WORK  IS  DONE. 
Tbe  trees  are  planted  in  rows  running  paralled 
with  the  county  road.  They  are  laid  out  in 
qiiiiiouncial  rows,  eacliquiiicurixof  trees  occupy¬ 
ing  a  square  of  12  feet.  'J'hus  a  line  252  feet  in 
length,  marked  out  every  12  toot,  is  Htretohed 
ami  fastened  to  pegs.  Men  with  spado.s  tlicii 
dip  out  a  gntter  of  earth  and  sink  across  cat  two 
inches  from  the  line.  "J’his  m.ii  ks  the  exact  spot 
where  the  tree  Is  to  ho  jilautcd.  3len  tlieti  conse 
along  armed  mth  tilt*  planting  iiuuhiimH.  They 
first  take  out  a  plug  of  eartii  about  six  inches 
deep  and  an  inch  and  a  half  in  widtli  withj'uio 
of  tno  machines  which  is  without  a  tree;  then 
they  insert  a  jdanter  containing  a  tree  into  the 
hole,  push  down  the  cvlindor  with  iJie  Ihund  . 
and  presto,  the  tree  is  a<lju.‘‘led  in  ita  plata . 
Tlien  follows  u  man  with  .a  heavy  cast  iron 
ptmuder.  upetiod  in  the  centtr  am!  niTimlcd  at 
the  end  to  a  convex  shape.  The  tree  passes 
Uirough  tho  coulral  aiiertuie,  tlio  psniudcr  is 
pressed  to  the  earth,  and  when  withdrawn  the 
dirt  is  clostdy  packed  around  the  jilant  and  left 
In  the  shape  of  a  howl.  Then  a  man  conics 
along  with  watw  and  tills  the  bowl.  Sonic  lime 
aftexwards  rlry  sand  is  siiread  over  the  moisture 
surrounding  the  plant,  ruid  it  is  thus  preserved 
from  insects,  which  will  not  remain  in  dry  Hand, 
w'liilc  the  process  of  ovaptwaliou  is  retardml  bv 
this  snrfaco  layer.  We  tuned  the  men  wJiile 
they  were  planting  a  line  of  trees,  uud  lind  th  it 
it  took  tliem  just  one  niiuuto  uud  a  lulf.  At 
this  rate  they  can  pl.'iut  O.JfOd  trees  a  day — that 
is,  a  gang  of  inen  ixm-isting  of  17,  engaged 
iiumotualely  and  incidcntially  in  the  work.  Thu 
average  is  about  6.0(10  trees  per  day  for  such  a. 
force  so  that  fr-im  Uie  time  of  getting  fairly  at 
work  it  would  take  alsmt  13  uiiys  to  plant  llic 
75.000  trees  con tr-v5ted  for.  Tlmre  are  portions 
of  Uie  field  where  the  process  of  planting  is  nnl 
ao  easy  as  iii  that  wo  have  described.  At  soiiio 
points' the  earth  is  h  iked  uliimst  liiird  to  a  con¬ 
siderable  depth-  Here 
AUQUR  HOLES  ARE  BORED. 
By  men  with  the  (lhampion  postliolo  aiigcr,  to  a 
depth  of  about  two  feet,  where  moint  Hoil  is  met. 
This  hole  is  filled  with  water  from  carts  that  arc 
kept  constantly  moving  between  the  tanks  and 
the  holes.  The  water  soon  softens  the  w.ills  of 
the  holes  and  disaiipnars.  They  arc  Ihon  tilled 
with  a  fine  loam,  and  in  this  the  trees  arc  idant- 
ed.  This  jKirtiou  rif  tho  work  is  slowi-r  than  any 
other,  hut  a  large  g.iiig  of  men  aro  employed 
I  with  augurs  and  rapid  progieas  is  being  made. 
I  Mr.  Hpenoer  took  ns  to  porU>iii«  of  llioiieia 
1  where  ti'ees  lia*l  been  jdanted  over  a  iitek,  and 
'  we  found  them  getting  along  vigorously. 
Low.  moist  soils  are  not  suitable  for  figs,  as  it 
encourages  late  growth  in  Autumn  and  the  frosts 
of  ivinter  destiaiy  tho  young  imnuaturo  shoots, 
rinching  off  the  ends  of  tho  young  shoots  iii 
sunimcr  is  as  beneficial  to  tho  fig  as  the  grape  as 
it  liasteiis  the  iiiaturiiig  of  tho  wood  and  iu- 
croases  tho  size  of  the  fruit. 
Figs  aro  consumed  but  sparingly  in  their 
natural  stato  in  Uiis  country,  but  aro  driod  and 
packed  away  for  use  later  in  tho  season,  or  sent 
to  market. 
There  arc  various  methods  of  drying  figs; 
those  coming  to  our  mai-kets  from  foreign  ooim- 
Iries  aro  dipped  in  hot  lye  and  then  dried  on 
frames  in  Iho  sun,  after  which  they  arc  packed 
in  1)0X08,  or  baskols  made  for  tlic  purpose.  A 
better  way  to  prepare  figs  is  to  let  thorn  roniain 
on  the  trees  until  thoroughly  ripo,  then  gather 
and  immerse  them  in  Imt  or  boiling  syrups  made 
of  clean  white  sugai'  for  live  or  touniinutos,  take 
out  and  dry  iu  an  oven  or  fruit  di'ying  kiln.  If 
preparod  in  tJiis  way  they  will  not  be  so  likely  to 
ho  infected  with  insects  as  when  dried  lu  tho 
BUD.  There  arc  do/oiis  of  cxccdlcut  variotios  of 
tho  fig  propagated  by  our  nurscyuion  both  north 
and  south  the  descripfions  of  which  can  bo 
found  in  their  catalogue.  As  tho  llg  tree  does 
not  ripen  its  fruit  all  at  ono  time  the  drying  may 
bo  continued  through  several  weeks  or  months, 
and  there  n<*ed  bo  uo  hurrying  to  gather  tho 
ci'op,  nor  in  sondiiig  it  forward  to  njarkvt,  hcnco 
like  the  ahnuud  its  culture  is  poculiuiiy  adapted 
to  the  iioeda  of  those  residing  away  from  our 
priiicipiil  thoroughfai'cs  of  tho  Southern  States. 
Of  conrso,  too,  vines  trained  on  tho  extensive 
system — that  is,  one  vine  for  two  or  more  raft¬ 
ers,  for  the  half  or  the  whole  of  a  house  -have 
many  loading  shoots,  all  of  which  shonld  be 
tacatod  in  the  same  way  as  the  one  leatler  of  the 
rostrictod  vinos — that  is,  allowed  to  run  on 
without  stopping,  for  the  good  of  the  plant  or 
tlie  providing  of  now  woivdfor  the  fuller  furnish¬ 
ing  of  the  liouso.  But  all  the  side  shoots  er 
fruiting  iiranches  should  bo  stopped  a  leaf  or 
joint  in  advance  of  Uie  hunch  of  fruit.  Tho 
bnnehos  shew  at  different  distaiicos  from  tho 
main  stem  of  the  vinos,  from  two  to  live  leaves 
from  tho  base  of  the  cun'ent  year’s  shoots  j  tho 
hunches  aro  llrst  dovelopod  As  soon  as  a  leaf 
is  produced  Imyond  tho  bunch,  the  head  of  tho 
shoot  shmdd  he  stopped  short.  This  is  general¬ 
ly  done  with  finger  and  thumb,  tho  yonug  shoot 
being  brittle  and  easily  reraovod  by  a  pinch ;  or 
a  sharp  knife  may  bo  used,  tho  latter,  however, 
being  celdoni  employed  by  profossioiial  garden- 
cr.s. 
This  beheading  of  the  fniit-hcariug  hranclics 
a  loaf  in  advance  of  the  bmiob,  is  tho  first  and 
chief  stopping,  and  may  bo  generally  called  tho 
stop.  It  arrests  every  gnjwing  branch,  and 
tlirows  back  its  strongUi  on  itself.  It  is  held  to 
add  to  tho  vigor  and  si/.©  of  Ui«  hunch,  as  well 
as  tho  fineness  of  the  foliage.  But,  of  conrso, 
growth  is  irrcpressiblo,  and  though  thus  easily 
stopped  for  a  Unio  by  tho  removal  of  its  growing 
points,  it  soon  starts  again  and  grows  afresh. 
Thw-se  fresh  growtli.s  involve  the  necessity  for 
freah  stoppings.  It  thus  happens  tliat  tho  stoji- 
jilng  of  grape  vinos  hetMimes  a  process  ratlier 
than  a  siiiglo  acU  TJit*  simjilestniodoof  stopping 
is  to  make  it  iW!iiodical,  say,  ono.e  a  fortnight  or 
three  weeks  throughout  the  growing  season.  By 
thus  ovorbauling  growth  at  regulai’  intervals, 
the  vines  have  no  time  to  run  into  wildernesh  or 
confusion,  and  there  is  also  less  waste  of  grow¬ 
ing  strength. 
The  method  of  future  stopping  are  varied 
by  circumstances.  Some  leave  an  additional 
leaf  at  each  fnthcr  stopping,  as  long  as  mmi 
can  bo  found  for  thorn.  It  is  safe  and  good 
practice  to  leave  a  few  more  leaves.  If  all  mib- 
sequont  stoppings  arc  carried  right  back  to  tho 
jxiiut  of  Uie  fli’st  or  primary  one,  tho  buds 
betwocn  Uie  bunch  and  the  base  of  the  shoots 
aro  apt  to  burst  into  growth,  and  if  this  break¬ 
ing  extonds  Uirough  all  the  buds,  tho  finest  for 
froiling  next  year  may  be  sacrificed  by  c-xocssivo 
repression  now.  But  a  few  more  leaves  left  to 
develop  beyond  the  first  stop  will  gonei-ally 
prevent  this,  aiid  may  also  fmnish  a  useful 
stock  of  leaf  force  in  close  proximity  to  tho 
bunch  of  grapes. 
But  ill  almost  all  ca.scs  some  of  the  buds 
between  tbe  bunch  may  break  into  growth. 
These  must  then  bo  also  stopped  short  back  to 
tlie  bottom  bud,  or  to  tho  leaf  on  the  Wearing 
shoots,  tjummer  pruning  should  in  fact  be  pre¬ 
vented  by  constant  stopping,  whicli  may  be  de¬ 
fined  as  a  skillful  device  for  the  prevention  of 
pruning  by  arresting  superfluous  growth  almost 
ticforo  it  is  made.  The  more  skillfully  stopping 
is  performed  the  less  Buiierlluoue  growth  will 
there  be  to  remove. 
By  persistently  stopping  back  to  a  leaf  or  two 
in  advance  of  tbe  buneb,  all  overcrowding  of  tho 
foliage  is  prevented,  and  only  as  many  line  leaves 
arc  retained  as  can  be  fully  exposed  to  light  and 
air.  Ono  lino  vine  leaf,  with  room  enough  to 
perform  its  fuiicUons,  is  worth  a  dozen  or  more 
of  small  loaves  crowded  togetlier.  In  fact, 
proper  stopping  coucenli  atoB  growing  force  into 
fewer  channels,  and  so  adds  as  it  were  momen- 
FIG  AND  ALMOND  CULTURE, 
Tm:  cultivation  of  the  various  fruits  adapted 
to  the  cliniato  of  tho  Northern  Htates  have  been 
extendi  tl  until  our  markets  are  fully  snppliod 
with  all,  very  few  If  any  being  imported.  But 
the  same  cannot  be  said  of  the  8outlierii  States, 
for  all  hough  the  climate  seems  to  be  especially 
adapt  Oil  to  tho  oulture  of  the  fig,  almond,  orange, 
lemon  and  other  tropical  fiuits,  still  we  look  in 
tho  main  b)  foreign  countries  for  a  supply. 
Why  should  wc  import  millions  of  dollax's  wortli 
of  ligH.  and  alinondB,  while  the  Honthern  States 
could  readily  aupiily  oim  mai'ket.Hr'  Is  it  for  tho 
want  of  a  iiroper  knowledge  of  their  culture  and 
lack  of  energy  or  scarcity  of  labor  ?  Of  course 
it  is  not  for  us  up  hero  in  tho  North  to  answer 
these  questions,  as  apples,  pearlies,  pears  and 
similar  fruits  mainly  occupy  our  attention.  But 
it  does  seem  to  ns  tliat  the  people  of  the  Bouth- 
ern  States  ought  to  he  able  Ui  siqiply  us  with 
such  easily  grown  fruits  as  figs  and  almonds,  as 
cheaply  as  they  can  be  iinrehased  abroad  count¬ 
ing  in  the  cost  of  exchange,  freight,  insmauoo 
and  other  luiavoidahlo  cxi>cns0H, 
THE  ALMONO. 
Some  of  tho  vnricties  of  tho  almond  succeed 
near  y  as  far  north  as  the  mostliardy  sorts  of  the 
peach,  but  those  aro  rather  infiirior,  hosidos 
there  is  really  no  oortaiiity  of  obtaining  a  crop. 
The  finest  sorts  like,  tho  Long  llard-sliellcd  and 
Ladies  Thiu-shoUod  aro  j'ather  tender  and  can 
only  ho  dopoaded  upon  in  wanner  climate,  say 
from  North  Carolina  and  southward. 
Those  variotios  aro  as  readily  propagated  and 
eultivatod  us  the  peach,  and  Uio  trees  are  not 
only  quite  similar  but  arc  liable  to  tbe  attacks  of 
the  same  diseases  and  insect  enemies.  A  warm 
dry  soil  is  best,  and  if  quite  rich  so  much  the 
bettor,  not  only  for  securing  a  good  crop  of  fruit 
but  long  life  to  tlio  trees. 
Tho  finer  varieties,  such  as  wo  have  named 
above,  may  be  propagated  by  budding  upon  seed¬ 
ling  almond  stocks,  or  upon  the  poach  and  plum, 
tho  latter  being  preferable  in  localities  whore  the 
peach-tree  borer  abounds.  The  plum  stock  how¬ 
ever  has  a  tendency  to  make  the  trees  somewhat 
dwarftsli,  Jn  habit,  but  this  is  not  objectionable 
BO  long  as  Uio  vigor  and  produotivouoBH  of  tho 
tree  is  not  impared  by  its  use. 
When  tho  almond  is  riiie  tho  flesh  or  pulpy 
covering  of  the  nut  dries  and  cracks  open  per¬ 
mitting  tho  former  to  drop  out.  A  man  who 
raisop  almonds  is  not  obliged  to  send  them  for¬ 
ward  to  market  on  a  certain  day,  as  with  peaches, 
else  lose  his  crop,  but  Uioy  can  be  gathered  and 
held  for  weeks  or  months  If  necessary  in  order 
to  secure  a  good  price,  and  this  is  an  advantage 
which  should  tend  to  increase  theii’  cultme,  es¬ 
pecially  iu  localities  not  contiguous  togood 
facilities  for  reaching  the  markets  in  our  larger 
cities. 
THE  Fie. 
This  is  another  fruit  especially  adapted  to  tho 
climate  of  the  Southern  States,  and  of  which 
large  quantities  are  imported  from  foreign  coun¬ 
tries. 
There  aro  many  varieties,  some  of  which  grow 
to  twenty  or  thirty  feet  high,  oUiers  are  more 
low  spreading  bushes.  Tliey  are  all  readily  pro¬ 
pagated  from  cuttings  of  the  shoots  or  roots, 
planted  in  a  warm  situation  either  out  of  (lours 
or  ill  a  hot  bed.  The  young  idants  when  one  or 
®(K  VilUDilfb 
THE  STOPPPING  OF  GRAPE  VINES, 
Thk  readers  of  tlie  Bukax  New'-Youkeb  arc 
probably  aware  that  we  believe  iu  thorough  and 
scienUfio  pruning  of  plants  as  well  as  thorough 
cultme  of  tho  soil  In  wliieh  Uiey  aro  growing. 
Therefore  it  is  not  straugo  that  tJio  following 
article  which  appeared  iu  a  lato  issue  of  the 
Farmer,  (Eng.)  should  attract  our  attention. 
It  has  been  said  that  tho  highest  art  of  good 
writing  or  speaking  is  that  of  kuowiug  when  and 
how  to  stop.  Be  that  as  it  may,  assuredly  the 
skillful  stopping  of  grape  vinos  is  a  most  im¬ 
portant  teatwo  in  their  successful  cultivation. 
And  notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  written 
on  the  subject,  there  aro  yet  those  who  do  not 
know  what  it  moans,  and  many  more  who  do 
not  understand  how  to  do  it.  This  paper  will 
be  devoted  to  the  attempt  of  making  the  matter 
clear  to  both.  To  stop  is  to  Bland  bUU.  Animal 
life  may  do  this  voluntarily,  vegetable  life  or 
growth  cannot  lie  arrested  during  its  progress 
witliout  compulsion.  Hence,  tho  stopping  of 
grape  vinos  implies  the  application  of  force. 
Force  is  of  many  kinds,  moral,  mental,  ph}’Hical. 
The  first  is  an  affair  of  motives,  tJie  second  of 
reason  and  the  third  of  force.  And  it  is  only 
the  last  that  can  bo  applied  to  vegetable  life  and 
growth.  A  man  walks  or  runs,  he  stops,  that  is. 
he  ceases  to  move;  tho  act  is  voluntary.  A 
horse  runs  away,  tho  driver  pulls  it  upj  the 
animal  stops  by  compnlsiou.  Tho  stoppage  is 
as  complete  and  perfect  as  before.  This  is 
analogous  to  the  training  of  a  shoot.  It  is  pull¬ 
ed  up,  stopped  from  going  further  in  one 
direction  that  it  may  be  trained  or  led  in 
another.  A  hare  hounds  across  tho  mead,  the 
sportsmau  fired  at  its  head,  it  stops  -a  iiintilated 
tiling ;  in  can  go  no  further  uiiuus  its  head,  or 
