mnnnn 
day  ut  homo.  AKurtu  vraiitod.  OutOt  AU 
OUNADE 
JULY  W 
MOORE’S  RURAL  fi£W-YORK£R. 
ANSWEKS  TO  OOEEESPONDMTS. 
ITorida  Orange  Grotcer.—Tlio  small  white, 
cottony  excresconces,  or  specks,  found  on  your 
orange  trees  contain  tbo  well-known  Mealy  bugs, 
which  are  often  very  destructive  to  plants  culti¬ 
vated  in  greenhouses,  aa  well  as  to  orange  and 
lemon  groves  in  the  South,  They  are  readily 
destroyed  by  Byringitig  the  trees  with  water 
heated  to  ISO*^  Fahrenheit,  or  by  applications  of 
high-proof  whisky  or  alcohol.  The  latter  may 
be  applied  quite  rapidly  with  a  brush,  and  it  is 
neither  an  expensive  nor  tedious  operation,  if 
performed  before  the  trees  aro  entirely  covered 
with  this  post. 
Subscriber. — The  only  American  work  on  Beet 
Hoot  Sugar-Making  with  which  wo  are  at  all  fa¬ 
miliar  is  that  of  E.  B.  OuANT,  published  by  Lke 
A  Shepauu,  Boston,  Mass.  This  book  coutaius 
much  of  the  practical  information  which  you 
would  find  in  tlie  French  works  on  the  subject. 
Young  Fanner.— Thove  are,  it  is  said,  2,260,000 
farms  in  the  United  States,  and  as  the  greater 
part  aro  owned  by  mun,  we  can  safely  estimate 
the  farmers  of  the  country  at  two  and  a  half 
millions.  But  if  wo  count  gx'own-up  sous  aiid 
hired  laborers  upon  the  farms  as  “farmers,” 
then  the  number  should  bo  at  least  multiplied  by 
three. 
Miss  B.  li, — We  cannot  tell  why  your  Kitraiji 
reach  you  so  iiTegularly.  They  aro  mailed  from 
this  ofiice  “  on  time  ”  each  week.  Our  system 
of  mailing  is  so  perfect  that  it  is  impossiblo  to 
miss  a  subscriber's  name.  We  presume  that  P. 
O,  clerks  aro  frequeutly  none  too  good  to  -**  cab¬ 
bage  ”  so  good  a  newspaper  as  the  Buii.ii.  New- 
Yokkek.  J  lonco  copies  frequently  fail  to  roach 
our  subscribers. 
3  oung  Bn‘  Keeper.  ~lt  may  seem  strange  to 
you  that  intelligent  men  and  women  should  bo 
so  sujxsrstitious  as  to  believe  tliat  selling  a  swarm 
of  bees  would  surely  bring  “bad  luck"  to  the 
family  of  tlie  seUor.  tJtUi  we  can  remember 
when  not  to  believe  in  such  nonsense  was  almost 
equal  to  being  a  scolfcr  at  sacred  things,  and  it 
was  also  quite  a  common  custom  for  the  heads 
of  the  house,  citlior  tile  husband  or  wife,  to  visit 
the  apiary  after  a  death  in  the  family  tuid  inform 
the  bees  of  the  solemn  occurrence.  Wo  have 
been  gravely  assured  by  believers  in  such  miun- 
mery  that  to  neglect  to  inform  the  bees  of  a 
death  in  the  family  would  surely  result  in  the 
abandomnent  of  every  luvo.  There  aro  bee 
keepers  not  a  hundred  miles  from  this  groat  city 
who  still  steadfastly  adhere  to  the  above  supor- 
stilious  beliefs  and  practices. 
Eniigranl. — ^The  statistics  to  which  you  refer, 
giving  tlie  number  of  inchos  of  water  falling  in 
rain  diuing  the  year,  are  no  guide  whatever  in 
determining  the  humidity  of  the  climate  or  its 
twlapiability  to  the  growth  of  vegetation.  These 
tables  do  answer  very  well  as  advortisouents  for 
land  agents  and  that  is  all.  One  Btate  may  re¬ 
ceive  fifty  inches  of  rainfall,  another  twenty-five, 
and  at  the  same  time  the  former  have  such  a  dry 
climate  as  to  be  uulit  for  agriculture,  wliile  the 
latter  will  bo  called  a  moist  and  delightful  one. 
You  may  notice  that  vital  points  in  all  tliese  sta¬ 
tistics  is  kept  out,  viz.,  how,  when  and  what  kind 
of  weather  follows  tho  aliowers.  A  half  inch  of 
water  falling  in  a  gentle  rain,  continuing  two  or 
three  days,  followed  by  still  weather,  is  worth 
more  and  Avill  do  more  good  than  throe  inches 
falling  within  one  or  two  hour.s  and  succeeded 
by  high  winds.  Then  again ;  rain,  to  be  of  most 
value  to  the  agriculturist,  must  fall  during  the 
growing  seasons  of  ifiants  and  not  when  every¬ 
thing  is  in  a  dormant  state.  It  also  often  occurs 
that  the  amount  of  rain  falling  in  one  part  of  a 
State  is  far  iu  excess  or  loss  than  in  another ; 
and  this  is  especially  the  case  in  tho  larger  States 
which  extend  over  a  distance  of  several  hundred 
miles  east  and  west  or  north  and  south— for  in- 
stauce,  New  Y'’ork,  Illinois  and  Kansas.  The 
meteorological  station  where  the  measurements 
are  made  may  bo  favorably  or  unfavorably  sit¬ 
uated  for  giving  a  fair  average. 
^  Marcus.— I  live  ten  miles  from  N.  Y.  City  iu 
Now  Jersey,  I  wish  to  make  my  walks  about  the 
house  hard,  without  much  cost.  WUl  you  tell 
me,  through  the  BraAL,  how  I  can  do  it  ? 
Axs.— This  is  a  question  wliich  wo  have  often 
asked  oiu-selves  without  over  receiving  a  satis¬ 
factory  reply.  Coal  ashes,  sand,  such  as  is  used 
for  mortar,  and  clay  m  the  proportion  of  rather 
more  sand  than  coal  ashes— the  difference  made 
up  with  the  clay— all  well-mixed  together  and 
laid  at  least  four  inches  deep,  will  become  very 
compact  and  hard.  Macadamized  paths  are  to 
be  recommended  in  i)oint  of  cheapness.  Col¬ 
lect  all  the  stones  you  can.  Place  the  largo  in 
tho  bottom  and  fill  in  with  the  smaller  ones,  cov¬ 
ering,  as  above,  with  sand,  ashes  and  a  little 
clay. 
J.  W.  B.r— Wo  wei'e  aware  that  you  had  of-  : 
beitatcus  the  “  Oiimamou 
Y  ine,  and  we  have  aheady  said  that  this  imme-  i 
diately  suggested  itself  upon  reading  the  deserjp-  i 
tion  of  oiu  Mo.  correepondont.  But  familiar  i 
names  are.  frequently  no  Iguide  wLatovor  in  de-  \ 
tormining  botanical  names,  as  in  tho  instance  of 
the  Wandering  Jew,  which  lias  been  given  to  up¬ 
wards  of  seventy-five  different  plants. 
Wo  thank  J.  W.  B.  for  his  inclosures. 
X,  Brooklyn. — I  have  read  or  heard  that  a 
.  goblet,  if  filled  with  water,  might  bo  inverted  if 
a  piece  of  paper  were  placed  over  it.  This  I  have 
U'ied  many  times  without  success.  Is  it  a  fact  ? 
If  so,  tell  mo  why  1  cannot  succeed. 
Axs. — It  is  a  fact.  Tho  go  blot  must  be  filled 
BO  that  every  particle  of  air  bo  excluded  botwocn 
I  the  water  and  the  paper.  Then  holding  tlio  left 
hand  upon  the  i>apor,  invert  it  as  quickly  as  pos- 
.  siblo  witli  a  sweeping,  circular  movement,  and 
carefully  remove  tho  hand.  Of  oourso  tender 
paper,  or  paper  that  at  once  absorbs  tho  water, 
will  not  answer  tho  purpose.  The  philosophy  of 
,  tho  thing  is  simply  that  tho  air  prossos  equally 
I  in  all  directions.  If  tlio  coluum  of  water  in  tho 
goblet  were  heavier  than  the  pressm'e  of  tho  at- 
mosphoro  upon  tho  same  aroa,  tho  water  could 
not  tlius  bo  hold. 
I 
A.,  Binghamplan. — “  A  friend  and  myself  dis- 
,  agree  as  follows:  He  thinks  for  ventilating  a 
.  sleeping  apartment  tho  window  should  be  raised 
at  tho  bottom.  I  think  it  should  be  lowered  at 
the  top.  We  have  agreed  to  submit  it  U>  tho 
BxniAi..” 
Ans. — The  exhalatiou.s  from  tbo  body  aro  more 
or  loss  impregnated  with  impurities,  and  these, 
as  soon  as  they  lose  tho  heat  of  tho  body,  aro 
heavier  thau  the  air  aud  sink  therefore,  and 
^  miuglowith  tho  lower  air.  It  is  so  with  tho 
breath,  which  is  more  or  loss  charged  with  car¬ 
bonic  acid  gas,  which,  being  heavier  thau  atmos¬ 
pheric  air,  sinks  to  tho  floor.  Hence  the  bottom 
of  wells  will  not  support  combustion. 
Hoatod  ail'  is  not  necessarily  impure.  Tho  im¬ 
pression  that  it  is,  is  probably  derived  from  the 
fact  that  the  air  near  ceilings,  or  in  tho  upper 
tiers  of  public  buildings,  seems  hot  aud  oppres¬ 
sive.  In  winter  wo  desire  to  preserve  tho  heat ; 
ill  summer  wo  desire  to  got  rid  of  it.  For  the 
latter,  therefore,  both  top  and  bottom  ventilation 
sliould  bo  Bocm'od— tho  top  for  tho  heat  to  pass 
off ;  the  bottom  for  the  imxmritioa.  In  winter, 
we  should  say,  tliat  bottom  ventilation  Is  alone 
desirable. 
A  liural  Reader,  NorlhvilUs.—Thii  loaves  you 
send  are  those  of  Iberis.  Tho  minute  flowers 
were  so  pre.ssod  that,  except  for  the  loaves  which 
in  this  genus  bear  several  distinctive  maiks,  we 
could  not  havo  determiued  ovon  its  genorio 
name. 
Lot  us  bore  beg  Uio  attention  of  our  friends 
who  may  havo  occasion  to  forward  plants  for 
names.  In  tracing  plants,  not  only  the  dried 
flower  but  tho  eBsoutial  parts  of  tho  flower  aro 
necessary,  via.,  Uie  calyx,  petals,  stamens,  pistils 
and  ovary.  I’lacod  within  tlio  folds  of  a  letter, 
tboeo  parts  are  usually  as  flattened  as  tissue  paper 
when  they  reach  tis,  and  it  is  next  to  imposttible 
to  distinguish  those  parts.  If  ouroorrespoudents 
would  place  the  flowers,  loaves,  etc.,  in  a  paper 
box,  or  indeed  in  a  littlo  cotton,  so  as  to  prevent 
tho  parts  from  being  glued,  as  it  were,  together, 
it  would  save  us  a  deal  of  trouble  and  time.  Lot 
our  correspondents  feel  assured  that  wo  are  al¬ 
ways  hapxjy  to  name  plants,  when  wo  can.  If, 
however,  they  would  observe  the  above  precau¬ 
tion,  we  could  effttimes  name  the  variety  and  spe¬ 
cific  name,  which,  without  tliis  precaution,  we 
can  not  pretend  to  do. 
Young  Reformer.— It  is  certainly  commenda¬ 
ble  to  ti'y  to  bring  about  a  reform  iu  the  matter 
of  bad  habits,  but  do  not  bo  too  sui'o  that  you 
are  right  aud  that  all  who  disagree  with  you  are 
wrong.  For  iustauce,  you  claim  that  if  “  tho 
•$30,000,000  worth  of  tobacco  annually  produced 
could  bn  struck  out  of  existeuco,  the  connti'y 
would  be  ail  the  richer  and  better  for  the  loss.” 
But  if  you  will  stop  a  moment  to  think  of  the 
hundreds  and  thousands  of  men,  women  and 
children  who  are  mode  hapjiy  with  the  money 
earned  iu  raising  and  manufacturing  the  filthy 
weed,  you  must  see  that  there  aro  hleBslngs  ac¬ 
companying  the  evil.  Perhaps  you  may  say, 
“Let  them  raise  com,  wheat,  potatoes  aud  other 
more  useful  plants,  in  jilace  of  tobacco.’’  True 
enough ;  but  this  would  bring  the  x>ricos  those 
necessaries  still  lower  in  the  market — a  result 
which  might  cause  more  distress  among  our  ag- 
riculturiets  than  you  or  any  one  else  would  like 
to  see.  The  great  trouble  with  “  young  reform¬ 
ers,”  as  well  as  old,  is  that  thoy  are  mainly 
what  we  may  term  “one-idea’'  people,  lacking 
tho  talents  which  would  enable  them  to  take  a 
broad  and  oomprehensive  view  of  any  subject  in 
all  its  bearings.  Iu  other  words,  they  got  the 
idea  into  their  little  heads  that  their  special 
mission  on  earth  is  to  cause  everybody  to  think 
and  act  in  accordance  with  their  notions  of  pro¬ 
priety,  whether  right  or  wrong. 
Emily. — The  plant  marked  A.  is  Rivina  hu- 
miiis.  It  grows  from  soods  very  readily.  B.  is 
Teuijriwn  C'uHa>leuse.  The  other  plant  wo  could 
perhaps  name,  if  you  send  the  leaf  and  stem — 
but  your  dcticriptiou  of  the  flower  a^qilies  as  well 
to  a  hundred  others.  Perhaps  it  has  formed 
seeds ;  if  so,  send  them. 
n  AGENTS  WANTED  FOR  THE  GREAT 
lENTENNIilL  HISTORY 
It  soll»  faster  thau  any  ntlior  hook  ever  published. 
OneAffeiit  sold  Cl  copies  In  one  day.  Hend  for  our 
extra  terms  to  Aaonts.  Nntional  Pub.  Co.,  Uhllu.,  Pa. 
BOOK  AliR\TS  ^  'Yc  have  In  press  New  Books  by 
null  a  Jiuii.i  I  0  .  t'hsrlos  Dudley  War¬ 
ner.  Mark  Twain.  Uev.  Dr.  Pish  and  others.  Now  Is 
Vw  *f'cnre  territory,  f'aialos'iofl  soul  trou. 
AM.  PUB.  CO„  UaiTfurii,  Ct.,  CblcuRo  or  Clnolunuti. 
Jl  ^ITIan  trsrel  nnd  aril  ooedn  to 
■■In  I  E-l/  Benlera.  No  peddling.  IMU  a 
■■  moutli,  hotel  niid  travnllng  sapouaes 
paid.  Mositoe  MAKurAuTOEiso  Co.,  Clucinoati.  Ohlow 
<rn  fn  <r  Q  n  per  day  at  homo.  Bsuaples  worth  Id 
«4)ZU  free.  »rtN80N  4.  Co..  Portlund,  Mo. 
ifclA  AGENTS'  PROriTS  A  WEES,  —  Nyw  NryulCo*  and  Clirn 
>p-xv  uio,,  Caliili>,!ua<  fre«.  Ha...  I,,  Fai.TiiK  A  Co.,  N.  V.  C. 
lAf  A  Agents  fur  the  bnsi.sell. 
IHf  n  Rl  I  k  II  Ing  stationery  Puckages 
bW  U|V  I  r  If  in  the  world.  ItcouMna 
sheeU  PuriCT,  l.'i  ouT»)l- 
opos,  Golden  Pen.  I'on-liolder,  Pencil.  Vatont  i'ard 
Measure,  and  a  piece  of  Jewelry.  Hluglo  piickage, 
with  a  nah  of  elegant  gold  stone  i<leevo  Buttons 
post-PHli.lj  *  ou :  5  paeksgoH,  with  assorted  Jewelry 
font.  W,“W4‘'|i«<veuawi\y  toall  Kgonis.  Clroulam 
free.  BltlDM  4  COn  Wlf  Br.mdwuy,  Now  York. 
WANTED 
$l2a 
y1K»TNI4  FARMS.— Tracts  of  30  to  300  acres : 
good  Iniprovetnents.  Also  houses  and  lots  in  tho 
growing  town  of  Asblnrid,  Hanover  Co.,  on  11.  It.  from 
Washington  to  KicUmoud  :  healthy,  delightful  cli¬ 
mate;  great  hargalus.  T,  J'.  IPeoldridvr,  Asliland.Va. 
MIDDAUOH’S  IMFROVSD 
TVCXXjXS:  TESSTJESn., 
For  Factorymeu  and  DuLrymeu.  Is  n  more  perfect 
Inst  ru  meat  llirtn  till!  Uaciometer.  Btate,  County  and 
Factory  rights  for  xatp.  Apply  te 
aLvAN  MIDUAUOH,  Frlendshh).  N.  Y. 
4?  I  i.  terms  tree.  TBUIC  4  CO.,  Augusta,  Maine. 
A  n  C  U  T  O  'YANTKEI  T<>  UKTAllM 
A  12  C  I  U  Sub.snrihers  for  ihn  best  Agrl- 
„  ■  ,  ,r  .  rulmral  and  Family  Weekly 
Newspaper.  I/tboral  ciitonilsslons  for  llttlu  work. 
BhKAli  PUBUSItlNG  COMPANY, 
Box  3.118.  78  Duane  bt..  New  York  Cliy. 
Moohh’8  lltiiiAb  NBW-YonKKR  becHjno  a  house¬ 
hold  word  and  power  In  the  land  long  before  wo  quit 
•*  gulug  to  school,"  and,  porhaps,  nueds  no  comment 
from  us;  still  'Mis  memory  is  over  fresh  nudgruon," 
and  Is  renewed  by  Its  appearuneo  every  week,  brim¬ 
ful  of  gnod  Chlrtgii  ui  ever.  We  are  glad  to  uniionnco 
that  onr  predictions  in  Din  .lanuary  number  are 
being  more  than  fulllllod.  We  hiivn  sent  It  more 
than  five,  huruiud  uanios,  and  wo  learn  that  sub- 
scrlptlon.i  havo  been  pouring  in  In  llko  prdportlons 
from  all  parts  of  the  country,  despite  the  hard  times. 
Long  may  It  oontlnue  to  bo  what  it  is— a  power  for 
good  In  the  land.— Agenf's  Friend. 
and  faultty. 
RJRE-BRED  POULTRY! 
TWO  CHOICE  BREEDS. 
Plymouth  Rocks 
— AND— 
White  Leghorns 
A  SPECIALTY, 
{IT  Bred  with  the  greatest  care,  and  from  tho 
cholcoaf.  strains  of  blood. 
Chicks  of  both  of  the  above  for  sale  next  fall. 
Address  TllOM.  T.  WAI.TON, 
Sec'y  beuuen  Co.  Pounviir  Ashociation, 
Kidgeyvootl,  Bergen  Co.,  N.  J. 
AGRICULTURaITnSURANCE  CO., 
Of  WATERTOWN. 
Assets  Jan.  Ist,  1876 . $1,058,040  16 
Pays  all  Losses  by  Fire  and  by  Lightning. 
'*  by  Us  Charter  to  Insure 
FAlOf  PUDCWItTY  and  PinVATK  ItBHlDKNC’ES  OUlu. 
and  In  over  £i  years  has  never  insured  or  lust  a  dollar 
this  ol.iss  of  Propertr.und  has  never  lost 
f-i/Kiii  by  any  oite  fire  sweeping,  or  oiUerwl.so.  Insure 
yo«Vmf,l;;7tnoa^"  onoi^ 
ISAAC  COOPKR.  Prns't. 
Illustrated  Schedule  of 
MACKIE  &  CO.’S 
PATENT  BELL  TREBLE  PIANOS! 
Warranted  7  years. 
NKW  ?TY1-K  UPBIOHT,  Ji;sT  FlNIRUEf). 
Book  Camlogues  of  JWuslcI  Books,  Instruments, 
Str  igs,  I'llmmlijgs.  with  directions,  prices,  4c.,  10c. 
MaUed  free.  AIACKIE  4  CO.,  Uochestor,  N.  Y. 
E8TEV’8  COTTAGE  OllGANM  are  tbo  best] 
pKEKHKJLL,  N.  V.,  MII.ITAUY  ACADKMY 
1.  opens  Wept.  1,1;  5  resident  instructor!:  All  board¬ 
ing  pupils:  gymnasium;  grounds, 8 acres;  8100  V  yr. 
Back  Nuiiibrra  of  tbia  Year  (from  Jan.  1) 
can  be  furnished  to  all  new  subscribers,  but  we  shall 
not  send  them  hereafter  unless  specially  requested. 
Those  who  desire  can  begin  with  any  number,  how- 
ever. 
JOHN  CRUMP,  -  -  Proprietor, 
Chestnut  St.,  cor,  15th, 
_ F  11  1 1.1  A  Tl  Id  L,  l-I  1  A  . 
CALIFORNiil 
Have  you  any  thought  of  going  to  California  7 
Ar«  you  going  Wo.t,  North  or  Nortliwost? 
You  wsut  to  know  tb  6  best  routes  to  take? 
"^e  shortest,  safest,  qnlokost  and  most  comfort, 
able  routes  urn  thiMB  owned  by  the  Chicago  and 
North-Wostorn  Hallway  Company.  It  owns  over 
two  thousand  Millss  or  tho  best  road  there  is  in 
LQo  country*  Aj$k  any  ticket  UKunt  ti.i  9how  you  ta 
maps  and  Uino  cards.  All  ticket  agents  min  sell  you 
through  tlckota  by  this  route.  Buy  your  tickets  via 
the  CuiOAiKi  4  Noiituwiwtkun  Kailwa  V  for  San 
t mnoUro, Saoraoieuto, Oeden,  Sail  l.akeCli y, Chey. 
auae.  liouver.  Omaha,  t.lnoolu.CounniJ  Bluff*.  Yank- 
toil.klloux  City. Dubuque,  Winona,  8t.  I’aul,  Diilutb. 
Marquelie, Green  Hay.Oskosh,  Msdlson,  Milwaukee 
and  all  poinfj)  west  or  northwest  of  Cbliaigo,  Ir  you 
wish  the  best  iravellng  uceommodations.  you  will 
Hhd  wUI  take  no  other. 
This  popular  rou to  Is  uusurpaiwed  for  Spued.  Com¬ 
fort  and  Safety.  I^he  Smooth,  WelNBallaatod  and 
Fwfeot  Truck  of  Steel  (toils,  vvestinghouso  Air 
Brukns,  Miller’s  Safety  IMatform-and  Uoiiolers  tho 
Qojeb^atod  Bo  Urns  n  Pala»»  Stoeplng  Cars,  the  Ver! 
fecT. Telegraph  ffjstom  of  Moving  TraliiH,  ihe  rogu- 
lanty  with  whteli  they  run,  the  Mdmirauie  urrunce- 
nient  for  running  Through  Cars  from  Cliicngo  to  all 
point*  Wi^i,  N<’;rMi  and  Northwest,  stioures  to  piig- 
sengere  all  the  CoMPiiurH  i.v  Modkiin  Uaii.way 
liiAVELiNO.  PtUlinitn  Palate  darn  are  run  on  all 
trains  of  this  road. 
This  I*  the  ONLY  LINE  rnnnlng  those  oars  be¬ 
tween  pUlcago  aud  St.  PnnI  or  Chicago  und  Mllwau- 
‘’"J  ^ieepers  oonnqct  with  the  Over- 
liiiid  SieupchK  on  the  union  I'acific  itatlroad  for  all 
points  west  of  the  Missouri  Itlver. 
For  rates  or  Information  not  attainable  from  your 
homo  ticket  ugents,  apply  to  ^ 
IMAUVIN  ifUGrtlW,  W.  II.  HTKNNETT, 
Gon’l  buperlntoadonl.  Gen’l  Passuu’r  Agt. 
THE  PALACE  HOTEHH 
BETWEEN 
NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO, 
via  Cleveland. 
Leaves  Erie  Ballway  Depot,  foot  of  Chambers  St. 
Now  y(jrk. 
!>i00  A  .  Me,  Dally  except  Sunday.  Dmwin(r-Room 
Bi^epmg  Coarhea  through  to  Ohlcauo;  but 
one  change  of  day  oars. 
7t00  F.  M*.  Dally.  The  I'alace  Ilotol  Train  to 
Chicago.  Draw  mg- Moo  in  Sleeping  Coaches 
**'i*l.  ^ »  IJotel  Dining  Car,  through 
without  change;  but  one  change  of  day  cars 
The  only  lino  running  Hotel  Dining  Cars  out  of 
New  i  ork.  A  ride  eif  nearly  a  thousand  miles  with- 
Out  leaving  tho  car  to  eat,  drink  or  sleep  I 
