matter,  is  used  in  some  districts, 
MOORE’S  RURAL  NEW-YORKER. 
AUg,  g 
PROPAGATING  PLANTS  BY  BUDDING. 
UODDiNO  and  graftin|<,  and  Himilar  iiicOiods  of 
propagating  jilants,  have  hocii  practiced  for  many 
contiu'ies,  and  a  full  description  of  how  the  work 
y  is  porforniod  has  Iwon  given 
f  1  tlionsarids  of  hoiticultn- 
ral  works,  as  well  as  in  mil¬ 
lions  of  iwriodicals  dislribu- 
ted  throughout  the  civilized 
_  world.  Still,  each  succecd- 
—  ing  generation  requires  a 
repetition  of  the  same,  just 
as  each  has  to  begin  with  the 
alphabet  if  it  would  learn  to 
read  or  make  further  pro- 
gross  in  literature. 
Every  year,  as  summer  ap- 
ha’’"  proaches.we  receive inqumos 
M  1  *‘®f;^>'d to  propagating 
plants  by  budding,  which  is 
conclusive  proof  that  there 
ar,.  many  young  men,  and 
jicrhaps  old  oiuis,  who  are 
InWli  need  of  infornialion 
(  on  this  subject,  and  it  is 
these  whom  wo  particularly 
B  address  at  tlris  time. 
WHAT  IS  AUDOINO' 
■j|l  I  '  t  'J’ho  art  of  budding  is  the 
E  Ij  taking  of  a  hud  with  a  small 
W  ™  L  i  jlj  portion  of  the  adjoining  hark 
fl  liSlj  p  j  from  one  ])lant  and  iusertlng 
it  under  the  hark  of  another, 
film  f  W f ifol  [  i'^to  some  paid  of  the 
IflMi  » U  from  wliieh  it  was 
U  f  taken.  Tlio  genei’al  princi- 
pie  which  governs  the  ope- 
1  ration  is  that  thorc  must 
®  exist  an  affinity  between  the 
wHmI  k  IJLIuB  plant  from  which  the  bud  is 
taken  and  tlie  one  upon 
placed,  and  the 
I X  I  i  nearer  the  relationshiir  the 
I  *‘'’a*lily  will  it  unito  and 
I  Iwlr  r  the  more  permanent  will  bo 
ill  union. 
'Pile  poach,  plum,  cherry. 
Fig.  l.  and  similar  stone  fruits  will 
not  unitir  with  the  pear,  apple,  or  quince ;  there¬ 
fore,  in  firopagating  by  budding,  us  well  us  by 
grafting,  wo  are  compelled  to  keep  within  cer¬ 
tain  limits,  although  tiro  possibilities  of  the  ope* 
r.atiou  may  not  be  as  yet  fully  determined.  But 
for  all  practical  iiurposcs,  wo  may  say  tliat  the 
nearer  the  rehationsnip  between  the  bud  and  the 
stock  into  which  it  is  inserted,  the  bettor  w  ill  bo 
our  HUC(M!S8. 
The  peach  may  bo  budded  on  plum  stocks,  and 
plums  on  the  i>each ;  but  for  general  culture, 
eacli  ou  its  own  seedling  stock  is  preferable. 
I'oars  ai’o  also  budded  upon  thorn,  apide  and 
quince  stocks,  for  . 
the  pmqjoBO  of  male-  ,  1 1  /y 
ing  Uio  trees  assume  1|^  \  iV 
a  moi  e  d  w  a  r  fi  s  h  K  \ 
habit,  and  tho  tall-  wV'"/ 
growing  Bpedoi  of  Ijr 
apple  budded  upon  g 
low-growing;  but  in  ||;  j 
each  and  every  in-  fiji!'  | 
stance  tho  same  Bjlj 
rules  hold  good  in  RH 
porformitig  tho  op-  ^  m|  < 
eration.  B  S 
In  budding,  it  is  ' 
very  important  that 
the  bark  of  tho  ! 
stock  should  part  Mf !  fl 
readily  from  tho  m  j  ll 
wood,  aud  to  Kocuro  BTIW 
this  it  is  necessary  K  f7 
that  tho  operation  K|fcp/ 
should  ho  i)orform- 
cd  when  tho  flow  of 
sap  is  abutidaut,  bo-  j 
cause  if  tim  bud  ji 
were  inserted  at  m  3  V 
any  other  time  it  ®k‘  |  yy 
would  not  And  the  Mil  j 
nourishment  that  it 
requires  for  Us  sup- 
iwrt.  But  vei-j’  oft-  ifr 
en  iiistancea  arise  ®'/  M 
whero  good  j>idg-  rtg-  ^  2. 
nient  is  needed  to  avoid  budding  too  early  in  the 
season  .•  as  well  as  lx>o  late,  as  somo  kinds  of 
'  stocks  in  certain  seasons  grow  so  rapidly  that 
buds  inserted  very  early  wiU  bo  overgrown  by  the 
bark  and  young  wood  and  dosti'oyed.  In  bud¬ 
ding  the  peach  and  choiTy,  esjiecially  wlien 
growing  in  very  rich  soil,  tliis  sometimes  occurs 
when  the  ojierator  is  in  too  much  haste  to  get 
his  work  done  early  in  summer. 
THE  BEST  TIME  FOR  BUDDING. 
Tho  question  is  frequently  asked,  “Which  is 
the  best  month  in  summer  for  budding  ?*’  hut 
no  exact  time  can  be  given  which  would  suit  all 
localities.  Tho  condition  of  tho  stock  must  he 
our  only  guide  to  this  part  of  tho  operation.  It 
is  better,  however,  to  wait  until  tho  most  vigor¬ 
ous  growth  is  past,  but  not  entirely  ceased,  be¬ 
fore  budding.  T’ho  stocks  may  bo  in  profter 
condition  hi  tlio  latitude  of  Now  York  City  in  tho 
month  of  July,  but  we  have  deliyod  budding 
cherry  stocks  until  the  middle  of  September  with 
the  best  results.  As  a  rule,  however,  the  greater 
part  of  the  budding  done  in  the  Northern  States 
is  during  tho  latter  part  of  July  and  August. 
MATERIALS  USED  IN  BUDDING. 
A  small  knife  is  necessarj'  for  preparing  tho 
bnds  for  insortion,  as  well  as  for  making  an  in¬ 
cision  in  tho  bark  of  tho  stock,  together  with  a 
(juajitity  of  some  malorial  to  tic  around  Ihc  hark 
to  hold  the  bud  in  jdaco.  'Jhiire  oro  various 
styles  of  budding'knlvos  in  use,  aoino  with  long, 
thin,  ivory  handles,  willi  which  tho  hark  on  tlic 
stock  is  raised  to  admit  tho  hud,  but  what  is 
calh^  Uie  “American  Budding-Knife''  (sliowu 
in  Fig.  1)  is  tho  one  principally  used  in  this 
country,  and  is  jireferahlo  Ix)  any  other.  It  is 
simply  a  small  pockebUnifo  with  a  thin  hhule, 
round  at  tho  end.  The  cutting  portion  extends 
about  one-third  around  tho  end  of  tho  blade  and 
about  two-thirds  of  its  length,  leaving  tho  low’er 
part  dull. 
Tho  material  commonly  used  for  tying  in  tho 
hnds  is  called  “  basB,”  and  it  can  Ijo  jirociired  at 
atiy  seed  store,  or  from  bass  mats.  It  can  also 
bo  obtained  from  tho  bark  of  basswood  trees  by 
stripping  it  off  in  spring  aud  immersing  it  in 
water  until  tho  inner  portions  soiiarato  into  thin 
layers.  The  thin  bark  of  other  kinds  of  trees 
may  also  ho  used  for  this  purpose,  aud  even  thin 
muslin,  woolen  yarn,  or  candle  wick,  tlio  kind  of 
material  uot  being  of  so  much  moment  as  tho 
oouvenionoo  in  using  it. 
SELECTING  BUDS. 
In  seloctuig  buds  the  young  shoots  of  t'le 
present  season's  growth  are  generally  jireferred, 
aud  they  should  be  taken  from  tlio  most  liealthy, 
but  not  always  the  largest  shoots,  tlie  object 
heioK  to  obtain  jdump,  well-developed  buds,  uot 
those  too  old  and  partially  overgrown  with  bark, 
nor  those  too  young  and  aoft.  T’hc  loaves  should 
he  removed  as  soon  us  tho  shoot  is  taken  from 
Iho  jiaront  plant,  but  iu  doing  this  it  is  well  to 
leave  a  portion  of  tlie  loaf-stalk  uttaebed  to  the 
twig  (as  sliovrn  in  Fig.  2,  which 
represents  a  shoot  from  a  pear 
tree  f.nmmed  for  use).  Tho  soft,  Wra"”M 
half-formed  buds  at  tho  terminal  TO 
end  of  a  shoot,  if  there  nro  any,  M||!l^ 
are  usually  rejected,  also  those  at  Iff  .Ij  PI 
the  base,  if  not  plmnp.  |ji|  IT ,  ||| 
HDW  TO  INSERT  A  BUD.  1  f  *i||| 
Take  the  branch  iu  tho  left  B 
hand,  with  th(.i  small  end  toward  B  £ 
the  body,  insert  the  knife  blade  a  H 
half  inch  below  tho  hud,  cutting  B  ,  i  |j|ljM 
through  (lie  biuk  and  slightly  into  ||i  /j  j  j|j|| 
the  wood,  passing  it  under  l.ho  |||  ^||  i|h|| 
bud  and  bringing  it  about  the  IK  !|  j{|l| 
Bamo  distance  above  it,  tlieroby 
removing  tho  hud  with  tho  bark  ™T|||[|||P“^ 
and  a  thin  slico  of  the  wood  iin-  Fig.  3. 
dcriioath  (as  shown  ate,  Fig.  2);  thou,  if  using 
tlio  American  Budding-Knife,  lot  Uio  forefinger 
clasp  the  lower  port  of  the  blade  as  it  is  held  in 
tho  right  hand,  make  a  horizoiitul  incision  in  tho 
stock  first,  and  from  this  an  iueision  downward, 
about  an  inch  long  and  only  through  tho  bark  ; 
lift  up  the  edge  of  tho  hark  by  passing  the  back 
of  tho  blade  up  to  tho  horizoidal  incision  with¬ 
out  removing  it ;  then  lift  the  edge  of  tho  other 
side  in  a  similar  manner.  The  two  incisions  will 
make  a  woUud  in  tho  stock  resembling  tho  letter 
T  (as  shown  in  Fig.  3).  If  the  biu'k  parts  frooly 
from  the  wood,  it  will  not  be  necossary  to  pass 
tho  blodo  under  the  hark  tho  entire  length  of  the 
incision  at  the  edges  near  (he  upiior  end.  While 
I  doing  this  the  expert  hudilcr  will  hold  tho  bud 
ill  liis  left  hand,  and  at  the  moment  the  kuifo  is 
being  withdrawn  from  tho  wound  tho  lower  part 
of  tho  Viark  lo  which  the  wood  is  attached  will 
be  inserlod  and  thrust  dowui  into  place  and  tho 
whole  operation  performed  in  less  than  one-fifth 
of  tho  time  it  takes  one  to  describe  it.  If  Uio 
upper  end  of  the  baik  of  Uie  hud  does  not  l  ass 
completely  uadiT  the  bark  of  tho  slock,  it  must 
be  cut  across  so  as  to  Join  tho  cross  iueision  in 
tho  stock.  The  bud  is  then  tied  in  by  winding 
tho  stock  with  bass  or  otliei-  kind  of  string, 
leaving  tho  point  of  tho  bud  aud  leuf-stalk  uu- 
covered. 
Of  course  tho  ojioration  may  be  varied  in  many 
ways,  hut  the  above  is  essentially  the  general 
mode  of  operation.  Tho  twigs  may  not  be  larger 
than  a  knitting-ncedlo  in  somo  eases,  as  for  in¬ 
stance,  in  budding  tho  Woepiug  Cherry  and  tho 
branch  or  stock  into  which  they  are  inserted, 
but  slightly  larger ;  or,  as  is  froquoatly  the  case 
with  Magnolias,  tho  buds  arc  taken  from 
branches  as  largo  as  a  man's  fmger  and  inserted 
into  stocks  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  Uio  same 
cai'c,  to  insure  success,  is  ro<iuh’od  iu  all  cases  j 
but  tho  stock  should  always  be  a  little  larger 
than  the  branch  from  which  tho  buds  have  been 
taken. 
After  tho  buds  have  iinitod  with  the  stock 
(which  usually  occurs  in  two  or  three  weeks,  or 
less),  it  is  well  to  cut  tho  ties,  in  order  to  admit 
of  expansion,  especially  if  the  weather  is  favora¬ 
ble  to  tho  continuance  of  growth.  Buds  sot  in 
tho  summer  and  fall  are  expected  to  remain 
doniiant  until  spring,  at  which  tamo  the  stocks 
above  are  cut  away,  which  forces  Uicm  into 
growth.  Rometimes  Uio  buds  will  start  in  the 
faU.  When  this  occurs,  tho  young  growth  is 
very  liable  to  bo  killed  by  tho  cold  of  winter. 
Tliis  is  one  reason  why  budding  too  early  iu  tho 
season  should  bo  avoided.  By  a  few  exporlmcnts 
and  close  attention,  almost  any  hoy  or  girl  can 
learn  to  bud  almost  any  kind  of  woody  plant 
from  a  rose  hush  to  an  apple  tree ;  and  more  is 
tho  pity  that  all  do  not  try,  for  it  is  both  a  pleas¬ 
ant  and  prulitubic  pasUmo. 
- - 
TWO  SURPRISE  RASPBERRIES. 
We  notice  in  one  of  our  excliangos  that  a  Mr. 
II.  G.  Bkeese  of  Hoosick,  N.  Y.,  has  introduced 
a  new  Raspberry  under  the  name  of  “  Kurprise." 
It  is  said  to  ho  a  dark-rod  variety  of  the  Black¬ 
cap  species,  and,  as  usual  with  such  things,  the 
originator  claims  for  it  numerous  and  wonderful 
merits.  Of  this,  however,  we  have  nothing  to 
say,  hut  would  remind  Mr.  Bkeeke  (hut  the 
name  “Rurprise"  for  a  rasjiherry  of  tho  liiihni* 
ocnilnitnlis  sjiecies  was  long  since  used  by  .Mr. 
Samuei.  Mii.eku  for  one  of  liis  seedlings,  which, 
by  (he  way,  is  one  of  the  best  of  its  class.  It 
would  ho  a  very  foolish  proceeding,  to  any  tho 
le.aat ,  for  Mr.  H.  or  any  one  else  to  duplicate  this 
name  “Rurprihe,"  and  esitecially  to  liavo  it  bc- 
Htowed  iifxm  two  varioUes  of  the  anme  species. 
Wo  hope  Mr.  Bheksk  will  select  aomo  oUuir 
name  for  Ids  new  rasjibeiTy,  and  tJicrehy  avoid 
Uio  confusion  which  is  certain  to  follow  if  tho 
present  name  bo  retained. 
■  ♦  -  - 
THAT  NEW  GOOSEBERRY. 
Nor  long  since  wc  received  a  small  box  of 
gooseborrios  from  E.  P.  Roe,  raised  iiiion  his 
place  “  lip  tho  Hudson.”  If  tho  berries  sent  to 
ns  wore  really  of  pure  native  blood,  then  wo 
should  consider  Uie  variety  ii  very  promising 
one;  hut  if  a  seedling  from  a  foreign  sort,  it  is 
scarculy  worth  a  name,  for  there  arc  humh'cds 
far  superior. 
Wo  want  to  know  more  of  this  sort  before 
giving  an  opinion.  From  what,  native  sort  is  it 
a  uoodling,  where  were  the  seed  sown,  and  whnt 
ciuo.  If  any.  was  bestowed  to  prevent  any  seed 
of  a  foreign  sort  Botting  in  among  thorn?  Then 
again,  lias  Uio  plant  a  follago  rosombliug  any  of 
our  species,  and  if  so,  which  one?  Mr.  Roe 
may  liavo  one  of  Uie  heat  a.id  most  valuable  ui^- 
tivc  gooseberries  evc*r  seen  in  this  country,  hut 
we  cannot  “enthuse"  over  it  wiUiout  knowing 
more  about  its  parentage  aud  appearance. 
COLLIE  DOG  TRIALS  IN  ENGLAND. 
Denounce  the  dog  as  much  as  we  may,  man 
will  cling  to  him  as  ho  docs  to  man.  through  all 
viciiisitudos  of  life  or  ixirscoutloiis  of  cither  race. 
There  appears  to  have  ever  been  a  bond  of 
affection  between  men  aud  dogs  which  uo  change 
of  time  or  circumstances  can  break,  hence  it  lias 
become  a  saying  that  “  love  mo,  love  my  dog," 
are  Bjmonymous  terms,  aud  however  much  mcu 
may  differ  iu  oiiinions  iu  regard  to  the  cconondo 
value  of  dogs  in  general,  they  are  liltc  the  poor 
“who  are  ever  with  us,"  hence  we  believe  it  is 
policy  on  our  part  to  make  the  most  of  tho 
canine  race  whether  viewed  upon  tho  whole  ns  a 
curse  or  blessing.  In  Groat  Britain  the  dog  is  a 
recognized  member  of  society  in  goml  mcial 
standing  and  his  education  receives  due  attention 
in  order  that  he  shall  fill  the  position  with  creillt 
to  himsolf  and  master. 
Now  if  our  streets  are  filled  with  miserable 
mongrel  curs,  and  the  farmer's  flocks  worried 
with  shcop-kiiliiig  brutes,  men  are  at  fault  not 
the  dogs,  for  they  only  exhibit  their  natural  in¬ 
stincts  just  as  wo  do  in  defending  ourselves  and 
property  against  their  attacks.  But  to  change 
all  this  it  is  not  no  essury  to  kill  off  all  liic  dogs 
or  doiirive  man  of  his  company,  but  merely  to 
select  higher  and  more  useful  typos,  and  then  I 
attend  to  their  early  edneatioii.  If  our  runners 
would  pay  some  attention  to  tho  importing  of 
good  sheiiherd  dogs  tJicy  need  have  little  fear  of 
the  sheeii-kilUng  broods. 
But  to  aw’akcn  an  interest  in  these  matters  wo 
need  a  few  evliibiticins  of  tho  skill  of  dogs  in 
managing  sheep  as  frcquCMlly  shown  in  the  dog 
(rials  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  The 
late  exhihition  of  Collie  dog  tiials  at  Alexandria 
Bark  in  Engliiiul.  gave  u  very  fair  idea  of  what 
this  sagacious  and  valuable  brood  may  do  wTiou 
properly  trained.  A  report  of  this  trial  appeared 
in  the  Rtandard,  from  which  we  make  a  few 
extracts : 
An  interesting  trial  of  collies  at  work — somo  20 
or  30  entries  having  been  made— has  been  going 
on  during  the  psst  week.  Bens  half  a  mile 
apart  in  tho  park  were  employed.  Tho  dog 
standing  ivith  his  master  at  tho  empty  one  was 
dirccUHi  by  word  towards  tho  other,  in  which 
were  three  sheep  (fresh  from  the  hills),  and 
those  were  unponnod  as  tho  dog  approached, 
and  had  to  bo  driven  and  poimed  within  tho 
hurdles  half  a  mile  off. 
“  Tlio  man  and  dog  walked  together  along  tho 
racocourso  until  the  sheep  were  sightefl,  when 
ho  gave  a  sign  or  a  word  to  Ills  four-footed  com¬ 
panion  and  the  iiitclligeut  brute  at  otico  started 
off  at  a  galloji,  and  sought  first  to  drive  tho 
sheep  down  tho  hill  towards  his  master.  ^Yhen 
he  had  succeeded  in  doing  this  tho  man  walked 
towards  the  (len  and  tlie  dog  drove  the  sheep 
after  him  until  they  wore  near  onoiigli  to  co¬ 
operate  in  getting  the  sheep  inside.  Twenty 
minutes  was  tlio  maximum  time  allowed,  tho 
prizes  being  won  by  tJiose  which  succeeded  in 
penning  their  sheep  iu  the  shortest  time,  while 
those  which  failed  to  pen  witliiu  the  oilulted 
lime  wore  (liB(]ualillod.  It  was  not  difficult 
>()  discover  that  dogs  and  sheep  wore  working 
under  great  disailvaiitagcs,  and  animals  wliich 
have  MO  doubt  a  well-deserved  reputation  on 
their  own  hills  failed  to  distingiiisli  thenisolves 
under  totally  novel  conditions,  though  enough 
was  demonstrated  to  make  it  appai-ont  that 
these  coUio  trials  are  likely  to  become  a  very  in¬ 
teresting  uimual  iierformancc.  Tliougli  a  space 
of  ground  was  marked  off  by  ropes  and  stakes, 
which  were  respected  by  tho  siiectators,  the 
sheep  felt  under  no  restrictions,  and  tho  poor 
collie,  therefore,  tliat  had  been  used  to  tho  clear 
view  of  a  Welsh  hill  side,  with  no  human  being 
but  his  master  within  miles  of  him,  had  to  dodge 
his  charges  among  visitors  and  round  iilantations, 
which  frequently  hid  them  altogether.  Tho 
sheep  were  many  of  them  very  wild  and  rau  like 
doer,  their  disinclination  to  jirocecd  in  tlio  direc¬ 
tion  of  the  lain  being  increased  from  tho  main 
flock  being  iu  full  view  and  thus  stimulating  tho 
natural  ovliio  tendency  to  rejoin  conipiinions. 
In  several  cases,  on  the  dog  noaring  tho  three 
sheep,  tlio  niiiihlo  and  iiidepondoiit  wctliers 
scattered  aud  galloped  in  different  directions 
ont  of  sight,  wlicu  tho  coUio,  after  an  honest 
attempt  to  bring  thorn  together,  seemed  lo  cou- 
'•hulu  that  it  was  hopeless  to  comploto  the  task 
in  20  minuiMB,  wj  (,o  jiluloHophically  dropped  it 
altogctlicr  and  tiottea  back  to  his  master. 
Romo  of  tlio  triiuis  of  wothois  bobavec  iu  a 
manner  morn  in  accordance  with  tho  gregarious 
traditions  of  tholr  race,  and  when  in  udditiou  to 
lianging  together  they  happened  to  start  in  the 
right  direction  down  lull,  tho  first  portion  of  the 
dog's  work  was  easily  aud  siioedily  done.  Tho 
inai  voLous  sagiK'ily  of  tho  brood  was  seen  when 
tho  sheep  wore  tJij,  p^.n  nmj  j^g  had  to 
overcome  their  natural  tUouKiluiation  to  enter. 
Not  only  did  tlie  animal  in  this  iiooiU/m  obey 
every  sign  aud  word  of  his  master,  hut  he  o  ould 
exemse  whnt  might  almost  he  called  Jiis  owu 
reason  luid  diserctiou  in  the  male  of  oai  ryltig 
out  his  master's  wishes  iu  a  fashion  that  was 
askmlshing.  Success,  however,  dfjpoiidod  alto¬ 
gether  on  tlio  behavior  of  tlie  throo  piirticiilsr 
sheep.  One  famous  dog,  named  Handy,  which 
won  the  champion  jirizo  two  years  niuuiug  in 
Wales,  was  very  unfortmiato  in  tliis  respect. 
Uo  succooded  in  getting  tlicui  to  tho  {sm  in 
splendid  stylo,  but  nothing  oould  indiica  the 
brutes  to  enter.  Tluiy  broke  away  a  score  of 
times  and  ufU^r  a  disiday  of  ability  worthy  of  his 
high  rcjiulntion,  p„or  Handy  failed  to  accomplish 
the  task  within  tlm  20  minutes.  TJiO  most  suc¬ 
cessful  porrormunco  was  that  by  a  dog  named 
Maddie,  belonging  to  Mr,  John  Thomas  of  Bala. 
Favored  by  tractable  wethers  she  succeeded  in  a. 
littlo  liver  four  minutes.  A  famous  dog  nmned 
Boy  did  the  work  iu  seven  and  a-half  niinutes. 
Another  eiillod  I.addio  took  nine  niin'iK-s  and 
two  otliers,  Pentre  and  Tweed,  12  minutes  e^li. 
I'horo  wero  I'J  entries  for  the  Stakes, 
and  these  wero  toslod.” 
- 
FOOT  ROT  IN  SHEEP. 
When  foot  rot  has  been  for  somo  weeks  neg¬ 
lected  and  tlm  shcci,  continue  on  soft  ground, 
wliich  favors  tho  suiierabundant  growth  of  de- 
iroucrato  horn,  it  becomes  confirmed  and  mui- 
cult  of  euro.  Tlte  secreting  textures  persirt  in 
pouring  out  lymph  and  weak,  faulty  horn. 
of  the  tough,  firm,  protecting  covering  of  the 
healthy  foot.  Tho  first  stop,  however,  must  be 
to  (with  a  strong,  sharp  knife,  while  the  hoo  s 
are  soft)  carefully  cut  away  all  loose,  unsoim 
horn.  Where  the  hoof  Is  extensively  aftec  e  , 
this  cannot  he  done  all  at  once;  two  or  three 
operations  will  be  necessary.  Fuugns  is  got 
aid  of  by  using  butter  of  uulimouy,  mixed  wi  ll 
ociiial  parts  of  impure  carbolic  acid,  diluted  with 
two  or  tlirco  parts  of  oil.  Popper  sulphate  oint- 
in  the  uroDortiou  of  one  to  four  of  fatty 
