2S6 
THE  BySAL  NEW-YOSKEB. 
OCT. 
Jfloritulturiil, 
POTTING.-EXPERIMENT. 
Thk  best  way  to  prevent  the  annoyances  of 
ground  worms,  is  to  place  jians  of  aoil  in  the 
oven  and  bake  it  from  day  to  day  nntil  a  sufli- 
cient  quantity  has  been  accumulated  for  lotting 
purposes.  This  not  only  kills  giound  worms 
but  all  eggs,  larvae  and  pupae  of  insects.  In 
years  gone  by  wo  have  taken  much  pains  to  pro¬ 
cure  leaf- mold,  decayed  sods,  well-decomposed 
manure,  )>eat  and  the  like,  thinking  that  the 
benefit  to  plants  from  such  admixtures  compeu- 
Bated  for  the  pains  of  gathering  them.  There  is 
no  doubt  but  what  some  jilantH  thrive  bettor  in 
specific  soils  but  taking  the  great  majority  of 
them  as  fotmd  in  conservatories,  windows,  sit¬ 
ting-rooms— it  is  all  “Love's  labor  lost.  ’  Ibis 
one  thing  above  all  others  should  bo  looked  to, 
viz.,  so  constitute  the  soil  as  that  the  water  by 
drainage,  evujioration  and  the  absorption  of  the 
roots  shall  pass  away  before  it  has  time  to 
gcmrato  those  acids  and  gases,  rcsulUng  from 
Btagnation,  which  arc  fahil  to  the  new  and  deli¬ 
cate  fibers  of  the  roots.  In  nine  cases  out  of  ten 
where  there  is  sufficient  sun,  sickly  plants  n’t} 
caused  by  the  use  of  stiff  soil. 
In  conae<pienco  of  this,  first,  the  roots  are  de¬ 
prived  of  air— second,  if  water  enough  is  given 
to  penetrate  the  entire  mass,  it  cannot  epcape 
fast  enough  to  prevent  stagnation— third,  if 
water  is  given  in  .luaiitities  insufficimit  to  pene¬ 
trate  the  entire  mass,  the  lower  earth  becomes 
as  dry  as  punk  and  the  poor  roots  that  sniff  the 
Burface-water  that  iB  to  them  “so  near  and  yet 
so  far,"  are  worse  tantalized  than  was  Tant.vuuh 
himself.  Kimilly  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
when  such  a  soil  is  iisc<l,  whether  a  plant  needs 
water  or  not ;  and  if  this  could  be  determined,  it 
would  be  just  as  impossible  to  supply  the  needed 
quantity.  A  liberal  proportion  of  sand  is  all 
that  is  required  h)  remove  these  difficulties. 
Moss,  leaves,  grass  bo  entirely  dried  that  they 
will  crumple  into  bits  in  the  hand,  answer  like¬ 
wise  a  simil.ar  puriwEo. 
Many  of  us  err  in  supposing  that  a  high  degree 
of  richness  for  potting  soil  is  desirable.  It  is 
often  deemed  not  only  desirable  but  indispensa¬ 
ble.  Now  a  very  rich  soil  is  for  plants  what 
pork  is  for  men.  It  may  l>e  nntriclous  and 
healthful  for  Uioso  which  aro  performing  Laid 
^ork — which  may  bo  said  of  a  healthy  plant 
when  exposed  to  brightest  sunshine,  to  the  ever- 
changing  air  and  winds,  to  the  dews  of  moniing 
and  evening  and  to  the  natural  rainfall  of  its 
native  habitat.  Then  the  vegetable  macluno 
may  bo  said  to  bo  '‘under  full  blast”  and  the 
supply  must  bo  proportionate  to  the  expenditure 
aud  consequent  domaud.  But  let  us  bear  in 
mind  that  house-plants  cjiunot  bo  snpifiied  with 
these  conditions  and  that  our  first  cai-e  should 
bo  to  deprive  them  of  any  Btimulant  which  is 
calculated  to  force  their  growth.  It  is  seldom 
considered  that  of  two  plants  out  of  their  natural 
elements,  the  one  that  makes  the  Blower  growth 
may  be  the  more  healthy. 
As  tending  to  show,  first,  the  extent  to  wliich 
certain  plants  draw  their  food  from  air  aud 
water ;  second,  the  uselessness  of  rich  soil 
third,  the  importance  of  thorough  drainage  and, 
fomth,  the  importance  of  a  pernieahle  soil,  wo 
give  tlio  following  experiment I.ast  fall  hun¬ 
dreds  of  oiir  seedling  Pelargoniums  wore  left  out 
to  perish.  Nov.  C  tl»o  thermometer  sank  to  18 
degrees  above  zero.  The  Pelargoniums  were 
frozen  to  the  ground,  though  as  but  the  surfaco 
was  as  yet  frozen  the  roots  were  still  alive. 
We  removed  two  of  them,  a  bronze  and  a  "  tri¬ 
color  ”  U>  f>-mcb  pots,  which,  after  sccuruig  per¬ 
fect  drainage,  were  filled  with  silver  sand,  cleanly 
washed,  atid  flooded  with  rain-water.  In  due 
time  they  ijvishod  buds,  formed  leaves  and  grow 
BO  nearly  as  the  others  that,  hut  for  the  sand, 
they  could  not  bo  determined  from  them.  The 
experiment  ended  the  first  of  Jmio  when  they 
were  again  placed  in  the  ground.  They  Lad 
formed  lesa  Btem  and  fewer  leaves  than  those  1 
planted  in  soil.  They  had  not  hloometl  or  formed 
blooming  buds,  but  were  in  perfect  health  and 
after  being  placed  In  the  open  griuind,  recovered 
sooner  and  grew  more  vigorously  than  the 
others  which  bad  receive<l  the  usual  treatment. 
Thus  through  a  i>oriod  of  nearly  B'nen  months, 
these  two  Pelargonimns  had  lived  and  remained 
in  perfect  health  ifiion  air  and  water,  the  Hand 
merely  serving  as  a  medium  of  support  and  con¬ 
finement  to  the  roots,  aud  of  permitting  a  con- 
Htant  change  of  water  witbont  their  disturbance. 
Several  times  they  were  lifted  out  of  the  sand 
BO  that  the  root-growth  might  be  observed.  It 
was  spongy  aud  succulent,  though  not  abundant, 
and  80  light  that  the  weight  of  Uie  adhering  sand 
sulficed  to  break  the  fibers  asunder. 
A  Caiie  Polargonimn,  the  name  of  which  we 
never  knew,  growing  in  a  .8  inch  pot,  was  plactsl 
on  a  cellar  shelf  and  forgotten.  There  it  re¬ 
mained  eight  months  without  a  particle  of  ivater. 
The  Btem  was  found,  at  the  end  of  that  time,  to 
bo  unharmed,  even  at  the  tip,  aud  upon  receiv¬ 
ing  water  and  sunlight,  grew  most  vigorously. 
This  will  show— in  the  case  of  I’elargouiums  at 
any  rate,  though  it  will  be  found  not  to  end  with 
them  by  any  moans — that  some  plants  which  wo 
take  for  granted  can  scarcely  1ki  made  to  live 
throngh  a  winter  without  it,  may,  if  placed  in 
partial  darkness,  rest  in  perfect  health  without 
water  for  surprising  periods.  ITiis  may  bo 
deemed  “  resting  in  its  t  ruest  sense.”  The  roots 
were  excluded  from  air  ami  moisture.  The 
stems  existwl  in  half  darkness  and  in  an  atmos¬ 
phere  that  oonld  bo  called  neither  moist  nor  dry. 
The  stem  had  no  nee<l  of  the  roots’  support— tlie 
roots  had  no  need  of  the  support  of  the  stem. 
There  was  no  labor  -no  outgo,  no  income  ;  the 
plant  was  at  rest. 
We  may  make  this  inference : — Let  ns  regulate 
the  water  and  nutriment  given  to  a  i>laut  by  the 
porouHiicss  of  the  soil  and  the  amount  and 
intensitv  of  sunshine. 
-*■•*■*- 
MISCELLANEA. 
Among  our  moat  beautiful  ornamental  trees, 
the  llorsodiestnut.  Tulip  aud  Yellow-wood  aro 
the  first  to  lose  their  foliage.  The  HorsechesU 
nut  compensates  for  this  in  a  measure  by  being 
almost  the  first  to  loaf  out  In  the  spring. 
EnEMo.sTXA  Caufobnica.— Last  fall  we  sent 
Bceds  of  this  abrub  to  a  number  of  our  corre- 
Bixmdeuls.  Ours  did  not  germinate.  We  would 
be  glad  to  hear  from  those,  if  any,  who  wore 
successful. 
Exchange.— We  aro  pleased  to  bco  that  sovoral 
of  our  ooutcmiJoravicK  have  taken  up  our  idiin  of 
exchange.  We  hope  that  every  horticultural 
journal  in  the  country  will  follow  suit  and  that 
it  will  enable  the  jioorest  f  amUies  to  fill  a  window 
with  suitable  plants  during  the  dull  winter  and 
a  jilot  with  bright,  oLeery  oolurs  during  the  sum¬ 
mer. 
Nottce.— Wo  have  occasional  letters  asking 
for  seeds  or  plants  and  offering  pay  for  them. 
Sometimes  money  is  inclosed,  Wo  do  not  sell 
cither  seeds  or  plants  under  any  circumstances 
whatever. 
The  “  I.iTTLE  Announcement.”— Wo  aro  sur¬ 
prised,  in  looking  over  our  first  installment  of 
IctUu’H  applying  for  seeds,  to  find  that  Zinm’n 
J)arirhii  is  so  often  mentioued.  We  do  not 
want  oiu'  friends  disappointed,  and  so  wore  care¬ 
ful  not  to  jirniso  this  plant  in  our  “Little  An¬ 
nouncement.’'  Is  it  that  we  have  bo  praises! 
unwortliy  things  beyond  their  merits  that  dlir 
friends  seek  to  find  out  what  sort  of  a  plant  it 
can  be  that  we  will  not  praise  at  all Those  of 
our  subscribers  who  want  Z.  Daricini  aud  who 
will  send  us  an  addressed  stamped  envelope 
shall  have  them  so  long  as  our  stock  lasts. 
Zinnia  Darwini  U  Zinnia  .Dant'ini,  and  “  it  is 
nothing  more."  He  who  says  tbei'o’s  nothing  in 
a  name  don’t  know  ‘ '  beans ! ' 
- - - 
NOTES. 
The  Revue  Horticolo  thinks  well  of  the  sweet- 
scented  AjHWO(/ffon  distac?ij/on  as  a  pot  plant, 
grown  in  a  frame  and  kept  moist.  It  is  hardy 
enough  to  fimmsli  in  the  open  lake  of  the  Edin¬ 
burgh  Botanic  Oai-dcn. 
The  Gardeners’  Chronicle  thinks  it  far  too  lit¬ 
tle  known,  but  one  which  all  true  plant  lovers 
appreciate. 
^cirntific  iini)  Sbefiil. 
WHAT  ARE  SPECIES  I* 
BY  BROF.  T  H.  UCXLEV. 
In  its  most  general  acceptation  the  word 
“  species ''  signifies  a  kind  or  sort  of  somotbiug, 
which  Bomethiug  is  the  genus  to  which  the 
species  belongs.  Thus,  a  black  stone  is  a  species 
of  the  genus  stone ;  a  gray  horse  is  a  species  of 
the  genus  horse;  a  scalene  triangle  is  a  species 
of  the  genuB  triangle  ;  and.  generally,  it  may  be 
said  Uiat  every  adjective  denotes  a  species  of  the 
genus  indicated  by  the  substantive  to  which  it  is 
appUod. 
The  uidividual  object  alone  exists  in  Nature ; 
but,  when  individual  objects  aro  compared,  it  is 
found  that  many  agree  in  all  those  cliaraoters 
which,  for  tho  particular  purpose  of  the  clasBilier 
aro  regai'ded  as  important,  while  they  differ 
only  in  those  which  axe  unimportant ;  and  those 
which  thus  agree  constitute  a  species,  tho 
definition  of  which  is  a  statement  of  the  common 
characters  of  the  individuals  which  compose  tho 
species. 
Again,  when  tho  species  tlma  established  are 
compared,  certam  of  them  are  found  to  agree 
with  one  another,  and  to  differ  from  all  the  rest 
in  some  one  or  more  peculiarities.  They  thus 
form  a  group,  which,  logically,  is  merely  a 
Bpeoies  of  higher  order,  while  technically  it  is 
termed  a  “genus.”  And,  by  a  continuation  of 
tho  same  process,  genera  are  giouped  into 
families,  families  into  orders,  aud  so  on.  Each 
of  the  groups  thus  named  is  in  tho  logical  sense 
a  genus  of  which  tho  next  lower  groups  consti¬ 
tute  the  species. 
It  is  conceivable  that  animals  atid  plants 
should  have  been  known  to  us  only  by  their  re¬ 
mains  preserved  in  museums  or  in  the  fossil 
state.  If  tluH  had  been  the  case,  biological,  Uke 
mineralogical  8i>ccics,  could  have  been  defined 
only  by  morphological  characters ;  that  is  to  asy, 
by  the  peculiarities  of  their  outward  form  and 
inward  structure  ;  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  this 
is  the  state  of  our  knowledge  in  respect  of  a 
largo  projiortion  of  the  existing  fauna  and  flora 
of  tbc  world,  and  of  all  extinct  animals  and 
lilants. 
A  botanist  or  a  conchologist  who  ects  to  work 
to  arrange  a  newly-received  collection  sorts  bis 
plants  or  bis  shells  out  according  to  their  like¬ 
nesses  and  unlikenesses  of  form  and  structure, 
until  be  bns  arranged  them  Into  groups  of  indi¬ 
viduals  which  agree  in  certain  constant  cbarnct- 
ers  and  differ  only  by  Insignificant  features,  or 
by  such  peculiarities  as  vary  in  different  indlvW- 
uals  in  such  a  manner  that  an  inscnsiblo  grada¬ 
tion  can  lie  traced  between  those  forms  which 
have  tho  peculiarity  strongly  marked  and  those 
in  which  it  is  absent. 
The  fact  that  Uving  beiogft  originate  by  gener¬ 
ation  from  other  living  beings  is  one  of  the 
circurastBiices  in  tlic-ir  history  which  most  com¬ 
pletely  differentiatos  them  from  minerals.  This 
process  of  generation  enters  in  yarious  ways 
into  the  conception  of  biological  species. 
It  is  a  generally  assumed  axiom  in  biology 
that  whatever  proceeds  from  a  living  being  by 
way  of  generation  la  of  tho  same  opedea  as  that 
from  which  it  proceeds,  whether  the  morpho¬ 
logical  differences  lictwoon  parent  and  offspring 
be  great  or  small.  The  two  sexes  aro  often 
extraordinarily  different,  and  in  cases  of  the  ao- 
callod  alternation  of  gcneraflon  the  succesaive 
zooid.s  may  differ  very  widely ;  but,  inasmuch  aa 
the  differing  forma  in  tbese  cases  proceed  from 
the  same  parents,  no  one  doubts  that  Uiey  belong 
to  tho  same  spei'iea.  Tho  bree.<la  of  domesti¬ 
cated  animals  and  plants  often  differ  morpho¬ 
logically  as  widely  as  admitU'd  apedes,  but, 
apart  from  otlicr  considoratlona,  blatorical  evi¬ 
dence  that  they  have  tho  same  parentage  antllces 
to  cause  Ibrm  to  bo  regarded  aa  of  one  species. 
It  is  not  quite  clear  that  the  converae  of  the 
axiom,  which  has  just  been  rcfnrred  to,  would  be 
aduiilU  d,  and  that  living  beings  which  arise  from 
totally  distinct  paveuta  are  of  illffereut  apedes, 
even  tbougb  morphologically  identical.  The 
wdlnigb  exploded  hypoUieais  of  tho  multiplicity 
of  centres  of  origin  for  six  cica  of  wide  diatribu- 
tion  implies  the  belief  that  groups  of  iudividuala 
which  have  proc.coded  from  di'<linctly-crcattd 
parents  may,  nevertheless,  bo  of  the  same  ape- 
dcH,  while  the  supportera  of  the  no  Icaa  nearly 
extinct  hyimthcsis  of  the  iudependeutcreation  of 
tho  fauna  and  flora  of  successive  formations 
Used  to  affirm  that,  although  iiidistingniBliablo, 
two  forma  ftom  separate  formations  must  bo  of 
distinct  species,  bccanae  they  liad  been  created 
separately.  However,  these  subtiltlu*  have 
ceased  to  have  any  prai'tical  imiwrtaucu. 
In  tlie  next  place  it  is  observed  that,  while  in- 
dividuala  of  the  same  morphological  apedes 
breed  freely  with  one  another  and  give  riae  to 
jierfectly  fertile  offspring,  tho  unions  of  iudi- 
viduala  of  different  morphological  siiecies  are,  as 
a  rule,  either  unfertile  or  imperfectly  fertile. 
Thus  fertility,  like  parentage,  has  become  a 
phyidological  character  of  cpocios ;  and,  though 
in  the  case  of  some  domeaticated  auimala,  as 
irigoons,  tho  extreme  forms  are  more  different 
from  one  another  than  many  moiqihological 
species,  yet  they,  apart  from  the  historical  evi¬ 
dence  of  their  piu  entago,  are  held  to  be  members 
of  tho  same  species,  because  tlicy  are  all  perfectly 
fertile  one  with  another,  and  their  offapiring  are 
also  perfectly  fertile. 
Thirdly,  it  is  a  matter  of  experience  that,  as  a 
general  rule,  and  taking  Uio  whole  cycle  of 
forms  through  which  a  living  being  runs  into 
account,  offspring  and  parent  aro  so  similar  tliat 
they  belong  to  one  and  the  same  morphological 
species ;  and  it  is  further  in  evidence  that  many 
spedea  have  endurwl  for  extremely  long  period# 
without  any  notable  difference  being  discernible 
between  aueestor  aud  descendant.  Moreover, 
in  some  cases,  varities  are  found  to  revert  to  tho 
character  of  Uie  apedes  from  which  they  have 
proceeded.  Tho  conclusion  has  been  drawn 
that  the  character  of  species  is  pliy-siologicajly 
fixed;  that  is  to  say,  that,  however  long  the 
process  of  generation  may  be  continued,  the  in¬ 
dividuals  either  retain  tlie  identical  morpho¬ 
logical  character  of  the  oldest  ancestor,  or,  if 
they  vary,  the  varieties  remain  fertile  with  one 
another. 
Assuming  that  species  have  tho  physiological 
character  tlius  enumerated,  certain  coucluslou# 
resi»c<.!tiiig  the  “  origui  of  sjiedeB  ”  are  inevitable. 
It  is  clear  tliat  no  existing  species  can  have 
arisen  by  tlio  intercrossing  of  pre-existing 
species,  or  by  the  variation  of  pre-existing 
spodcs,  but  that  every  species  must  have  existed 
from  all  eternity,  or  have  come  into  existence 
suddenly  in  its  present  form,  which  is  the 
objective  fact  denoted  by  what  is  termed  crea¬ 
tion. 
- - - 
INDIA  INK. 
It  is  often  desirable  to  finish  photographs  and 
drawings  in  India  ink,  in  order  to  get  the  best 
effect,  and  this  can  be  done  by  a  tasteful  person, 
at  homo,  fully  as  well  and  with  greater  satisfac¬ 
tion,  than  when  sent  to  some  distant  profes¬ 
sional.  IIjc  greatest  trouble  ia  the  difticulty  of 
procuring  genuine  ('hinoso  ink.  Tho  Scientific 
American  recently  gave,  in  answer  to  a  request, 
the  following  formula  for  preparing  a  perfect 
India  ink,  the  formula  b<ing  CAipied  from 
Riffault’s  treatise  on  the  manufacture  of  colors  : 
Calcined  lampblack,  100  parts ;  boghead  shale 
black,  in  impalpable  powder,  50  jmrts ;  indigo 
carmine,  in  cakes,  10  parts;  carmhie  lake,  5 
parts ;  gum  arable  (first  quality),  10  parts ; 
purified  oxgall,  20  parts;  alcoholic  extract  of 
musk,  5  parts. 
The  gum  is  dissolved  in  50  or  GO  jiarts  of  pure 
water,  and  the  solution  filtered  through  a  cloth. 
The  indigo  canmno,  lake,  lampblack  and  shale 
black  arc  incorporatvd  with  this  liquor,  and  the 
whole  ground  upon  a  slab,  with  a  muller,  m  tho 
same  manner  as  ordinary  colors,  but  in  this  case 
the  grinding  Ukoa  much  longer.  lYhen  tho 
paste  is  thoroughly  homogeneous,  tho  oxgall  is 
gradually  adilcd,  and  then  tho  alcoholic  extract 
of  musk.  The  more  tho  black  is  ground,  the 
finer  it  is.  Tho  black  is  thou  allowed  to  dry  in 
tbc  air,  until  it  baa  acquired  Bufficicut  consis- 
touoy  to  be  molded  mto  cakes,  which  iu  their 
turn  are  still  further  dried  in  the  air,  out  of  the 
reach  of  dust.  When  quite  firm,  these  cakes  are 
coinjiressfd  in  bronze  molds,  having  appropriate 
designs  engraved  upon  thorn.  The  molded  ink 
is  then  wi'apped  in  tinfoil,  with  a  second  envelope 
of  gilt  paper.  The  ink  wliicli  has  been  prepared 
in  this  manner  possesses  all  the  jiroivcrtioM  of 
of  tho  real  Chinese  article.  Its  grain  is  smwlh  ; 
it  flow#  very  well,  mixes  perfectly  with  many 
other  colors,  and  becomes  so  firmly  fixed  to  the 
paper  that  other  colors  may  be  spread  over  it 
without  washing  it  out. 
TO  PRESERVE  MUCILAGE. 
Sai.icylic  acid  has  been  lately  recommended 
for  preventing  tho  decomposition  of  mucilage, 
which,  as  generally  prcp.vred,  undergoes  raj'id 
change,  becomes  sour  and  ropy,  and  unfit  for 
use.  The  very  Blight  solubility  of  salicylic  acid 
iu  water  readers  the  use  of  it  less  objectionable 
tlian  would  otherwise  be  the  case.  Instead  of 
using  pure  water,  tho  gum  is  dissolved  iu  an 
equal  weight  of  a  previously  prepared  a<iueouB 
solution  of  salicylic  acid  ;  such  a  mucilage,  even 
after  standing  a  month,  shows  no  trace  of  dc- 
CO  IU  position. 
- - - — 
Chlobihe  ov  Lime  in  Mobtar.— A  Gorman 
Bciontific  journal  says  that  the  cracking  of  mor¬ 
tar  through  dryness  or  heat  may  bo  prevented  by 
the  addition  of  chloride  of  lime.  Jlortar  so  pre¬ 
pared  will  stick  fast  even  to  glass,  metal,  and 
similar  Kubstanccs.  It  is  thought  that  the 
addition  of  glycerine  might  answer  tho  same 
puriKise. 
Insimuuf 
INNOVATION  PLANS  OF  INSURANCE. 
*  Kxtnicts  from  The  Popular  Science  Monthlf. 
With  the  incoming  of  better  times,  of  which 
there  appear  to  be,  just  now,  so  many  encourag¬ 
ing  indications,  tho  Life  Insurance  interest  may 
be  expected  to  resume  something  of  its  wonted 
activity.  Neither  tho  Companies  that  have, 
Uirougliout  the  dark  days  retaino<l  public  confi¬ 
dence  aud  a  fair,  tliough  necessarily  diniinif'lud 
share  of  public  patronage,  nor  tbote  tb.xt  lutvo 
deservedly  forfeited  both,  will  fail  to  take  ad 
vantage  of  tbo  earliest  favorable  breeze  to  set 
their  sails  anew.  The  enforced  restraint  of  the 
last  four  years  has  made  them  all  impatient  to 
bcgui.  All  of  them  dosim  new  hiisiiiosa,  and  it 
may  be  said  of  many  of  them  th.Tt  a  considerable 
infusion  of  now  blood  is  indispensable  to  their 
existence. 
The  Companies  that  have  satisfied  the  expec¬ 
tations  of  their  policy-holders  and  of  the  public 
also,  by  keeping  and  fulfilling  their  promises 
will,  of  course,  enjoy  an  immense  advantage. 
They  can  present  again  their  old  and  tried  plans, 
and,  pointing  to  tho  rosnita  achieved  during 
years  of  famine,  justly  and  confidently  claim  to 
Im  able  to  do  still  bettor  during  the  coming  years 
of  plenty.  With  these  facts  well  and  clearly 
presented  to  the  public,  aud  attested  everywhere 
by  living  aud  grateful  witnesses,  tho  Companies 
whose  garments  are  unsmirched  have  little  to 
fear  from  the  competition  of  those  who,  having 
worn  out  their  old  plans,  must  invent  new  aud 
taking  devices.  Of  these  there  will  l*e  no  end. 
