.  2S2 
THE  BDBAL  HEVV-YOB?i<EB 
0£T.  23 
ifloriniliuval. 
MISCELLANEA. 
Wk  lia.vo  been  asUe<l  what  our  object  i»  in  giv* 
ing  Heod«  away,  I'erhaps  the  following  extracts 
from  one  of  many  lettora  received  will  servo  in 
part  to  answer  the  question : — “  1  soe  in  tbo  last 
llijuAn  that  yon  have  flower  KOods  to  give  away. 
You  are  very  kind.  If  every  one  would  do  so 
that  bus  more  than  he  needs,  how  happy  many 
others  nught  bo  inmlo.  I  take  the  liberty  to 
send  you  a  ftnv  scods.  They  aro  not  very  choice. 
If  yon  don't  care  fm-  thorn,  tlirow  tliom  away. 
Tlicy  are.  the  Wilil  Cucumber  and  fierman  Pinloj. 
Tho  rink  is  a  pcreniiial  ami  very  hardy.  The 
blossonjs  which  rippear  in  Juno  aro  small  but 
sweet.  1  have  ])lanta  threo  years  oM  last  spring 
that  aro  thirty-six  inches  across.  Homo  of  tho 
blossoms  aro  double,  some  single— .all  aro  light- 
colorod.  I  once  hinl  a  grti.al.  many  flowers.  My 
health  is  failing  and  I  am  afraid  I  shall  have  to 
give  thorn  all  up  foon.  I  thiidr  a  homo  without 
any  llowers  is  lonely  onotigh.  Please  accept 
many  thanks  for  your  kindnuss.  Yours  with 
Ikspcct,  ».  n. 
In  all  persons,  at  all  ages,  tho  real  love  of 
flowers  is  a  dolightfnl,  an  inspiring  sight.  But 
it  is  most  charming  as  ohsorvod  in  little  childion 
and  in  old  pcoide  :•  -in  littlo  children  often  so 
young  that  it  sooms  as  inborn  and  as  fervent  as 
tho  love  of  parents  itsolf : — in  old  peo)>le  who 
])ro8ervo  it  through  years  undimmed,  wliile 
m.my  other  ohjeota  liayc  been  loved  ami  for¬ 
gotten.  There  is  that  in  olil  people  who,  though 
stittoned  with  age,  can  yot  And  ideasuro  in  tho 
care  of  flowers,  that  tolls  of  lives  not  spent  in 
vain. 
Wliothcr  wo  w  ant  tho  seeds  forwardeil  hy  S.  B. 
or  not ;  whether  they  are  choice  or  “  common  " 
— wo  thank  her  for  thorn  and  lier  kindly  letter 
all  tho  same.  It  is  such  littlo  approcktory  acts 
and  oxprcBBions  that  more  th.an  ivp.ay  ns  fur  the 
tiouble  of  gathering  soods  for  tho.so  who  know 
so  woU  how  to  v.ulno  thojn. 
WniTK  ■\Vi:iuKi.A.--Wo  have  not  ftmud  MV  /V/e/o 
(^DurriUu')  liorti  iiiil.s  as  liardy  as  tJio  com¬ 
moner  sorts  of  this  favoiito  shriili.  It  does  not, 
besides,  llowfw  prurnsoly  in  tho  spring,  though 
its  fait  bloom  is  better.  The  facts  that  its  llow- 
ers  are  w  hitti  and  tliat  in  the  fall  they  appear 
when  few  olhor  shrubs  aro  blooming  conatitute 
its  chief  claims  U)  esi)ecial  notice. 
Okai'K  Mvuti.k.  — Tliis  |)lant  is  now-a-daya 
soldorn  numtiunod.  In  the  tent  of  tho  (''enlon- 
nial  grounds  put  up  for  Die  Hhododeudion 
exhibit  of  the  Wntcrers  of  J'lnghuid,  are  two 
Crapo  Myrtles  both  itiso-colonjil  a.s  wo  I'ocull 
them.  Tho  larger  is  about  •light  feet  high  with 
a  stem  nearly  as  large  as  one’s  w  rist.  They  woro 
in  profuse  bloom  several  wt'oKs  ago  and  at  traded 
tbo  notice  of  all  who  visited  tho  tent. 
We  purchased  this  spring  a  wldto  Crape 
Myi'tlo  (lM(ii‘rslrOi-nna  Indhux  albo)  which 
bloomed  in  Auguat  continuing  until  frost.  Tho 
leaves  aro  small,  oiiposite  .and  tho  hranehes  of 
young  plants  spreading  and  drooping.  Tho 
petals  which  aro  frilled  liko  a  cambric  niflle  have 
claws  lialf  an  inch  long  and  resemble  tlioso  of 
tho  Clarkia,  tbongh  larger  and  loss  perishable. 
Tho  calyx  is  broadly  oampnuulatc  and  tho  center 
of  tho  flowers  lillod  with  long  stamens,  some  of 
which  aro  aborLive  and  shorter  and  more  slender 
than  the  others. 
These  plants  aro  said  to  bo  liardy  as  far  north 
as  I’hiladclpbia  with  a  littlo  protection.  I’rob- 
ably  in  the  climate  of  Now  York  it  would  be 
safer  to  roniove  thorn  to  tho  cellar  or  to  tho 
greenhouHo  wlicre,  if  room  is  not  an  item,  they 
may  bo  pormitlcd  to  oontinuo  growth. 
PnANT  PJioTErriON.— During  the  past  frosty 
nights  wo  have  covered  several  half-hai'dy  pliuits 
with  sheets  etc.  ^\’o  have  found  that  wherever 
tho  oovoi  ing  has  rested  upon  the  leaves  of  such 
as  l''xd;iis  rladicn.  glohulus,  d/alouw's- 
cus  arhorrux>,  those  leaves  Lave  been  frost-bitten, 
the  coYOX’ing,  when  in  contact,  acting  as  a  oon>. 
ductor  instead  of  a  radiator.  Prom  this  an  iiu- 
portant  inference  may  be  drawn.  In  protecting 
all  plants  that  we  fear  may  not  stand  the  severi¬ 
ties  of  winter,  be  careful  that  between  tbc  plant 
and  the  iirotoctiug  materials,  a  space  be  left. 
ErcALYfTLT.s  oixmcLus. — Tills  is  bandior  than 
we  had  sui>poscd.  It  has  stood  throe  frosts  one  of 
w’hich  formed  ioe  an  eighth  of  an  inch  thick 
along  the  river  banks  of  this  vicinity. 
Shell  Flowek.— It  was  stated  in  our  account 
of  this  plant  that  it  did  not  need  support,  the 
brauebes  being  strong  enough  to  support  tbom- 
selves.  This  was  true  at  tho  time  it  was  written 
when  wo  supposed  it  had  attRUicd  the  greater 
part  of  its  growth.  Not  so.  Every  brauch  con¬ 
tinued  hi  grow  as  rapidly  aftonvards  as  before, 
forming  a  whorl  of  cups  and  flowers  with  every 
pair  of  haves,  until  many  were  five  feet  in 
length.  When  no  longer  sUoug  enough  to  hold 
their  weight,  the  branches  liont  over  so  as  to 
rest  upon  tho  ground  and  from  this  ])ai't  shot  up 
as  erect  as  over  like  so  many  Chinese  Pagodas— 
from  their  striking  rcsorahlanco  to  which  we 
liiive  bi'forc  compared  them. 
Again,  we  <lid  not  know'  that  tho  cups  or 
calyces  slu:laloni/,o  «o  buanlifiilly.  Tho  paren¬ 
chyma  cntiroly  disappcais  le.'iving  only  tlic. 
veins  and  veinnlots  wldch  are  thin  enough  to 
preserve  the  shatie  of  tho  cup  porfeclly. 
Notice.  -  Under  tho  “  T.itllo  Announcement " 
wo  shall  not  send  the  sf-ods  selected  by  our 
BubscrilHtrs  until  all  the  ajijilications  have  been 
rcct!ivc<l,  so  that  wo  may  distribute  tlicra  in 
equal  <pianlitios.  As,  tbereforo,  some  limit  as 
to  time  will  bo  nocossary,  we  name  Nov.  10— on 
which  date  wo  shall  iiresumo  all  applications  to 
have  licon  received. 
Centenniat.  Kveiioreenk.- In  our  katc  Cen¬ 
tennial  wiiTftHpondeuco,  wo  stated  tliat  in  tho 
plots  of  Messrs.  Hootek,  Bho.  A'  Thomas  of 
West  riiostcr,  Pa.,  there  were  alxmt  two  hundred 
dilforent  species  and  varieties  of  Evergreens. 
Wo  ought  to  have  said  threo  huudrod  atid  lifly. 
Tho  truth  is  wo  found  it  somothlug  of  a  task  to 
count  them  separately  and  so  to  avoid  time  and 
trouble  wo  tnivdo  tho  host  guess  wo  could.  It 
was  a  very  jioor  ono  as  it  appears. 
- 
NOTES. 
I  — — — 
Tin:  Journal  of  Horticulture  says  that  ono  of 
tho  most  atlrnetivo  shrubs  recently  introduced  is 
ll  it  gfla  anrea.  Tho  flowers  aro  crim¬ 
son  and  white,  hut  tho  foliage  cntitlos  it  to  tho 
name  of  golden,  for  tho  leaves  arc  totally  yrilow. 
The  color  is  stated  to  be  but  slightly  altered  by 
exposure  to  oitlicr  suiisldnoor  shade. 
An  additional  variety  namo  given  this  shrub  is 
l.(>(iipiifin»i  -  but  surely  the  abovo  is  long  enough. 
liulduii  shades  aro  very  pleasing  among  shrub 
beries  and  tlivro  aro  few  really  good  shrubs 
possessed  of  it. 
The  I'eumaneni  i:  or  VAUiEriE.s. — It  would 
perhaps  bo  dilVicult  to  And  a  bettor  instance  of 
this  fact  than  is  afforded  by  tlio  variegated 
Anciiha  Jajwuica,  so  common  in  onr  shrubberies 
and  urban  gardens.  Tliedak'of  its  iidrodnction, 
says  tho  (iardeners'  Chronielc  of  England,  is 
17H3,  and,  being,  as  Is  well  known,  a  feinnio 
jilaut,  every  individual  that  wo  now  see  inusl  bo 
a  continuation  of  tho  one  specimou  originally  in¬ 
troduced  into  Europe.',  retaining  its  siiccial  varia¬ 
tion  nnchangod  during  two  centuries. 
3.vbfli‘uu!tunil, 
PALL  OR  SPRING  FOR  TRANSPLANTING  I 
We  have  never  discovered  any  reason  why  a 
idaiit,  let  it  he  an  hcrbaccons  plant,  a  shrub, 
vino  or  tree,  should  bo  transplanted  in  the  fall 
rather  than  in  tho  spring  for  the  elimate  of  Now 
York  and  uoitb  of  it.  When  removed  from  one 
place  to  another  in  t!ic  same  grounds  and  care  is 
obsc'  ved  to  presorve  a  ball  of  earth  or,  without 
the  ball  of  earth,  all  the  roots  .and  (Ihers  intact, 
it  does  not  matter  wjiclher  fall  or  Pin-ing  ho 
chosen.  It  is  a  (luoslion  merely  of  •xmvenienco. 
But  when  they  arc  removed  from  niir.'iOry 
grounds  and  Hubjcctod  to  tho  delays  and  ex- 
l>osuie.s  iuseparablo  from  systemalio  husiness 
routine ;  when  tho  roots  aio  sLortonod  and 
crowdud  togothor  in  I'ackagos  mtulo  .as  small  as 
possible  so  as  to  avoid  niniocessaiy  expenses  in 
thoii’ transit  -thou  wo  have  to  determine  whether 
jilanls  so  circumstanced  stand  a  better  cbaiice  of 
life  than  tlioao  transplanted  in  lha  sjaing. 
Ono  of  tho  chief  reasons  assigned  as  to  w  hy 
fall  planting  is  prefoiaTilo  to  spring  planting  is 
that  in  the  fall,  tho  soil  being  warm  and  the 
roots  liaving  an  opportunity  to  grow,  they 
bocorao  in  a  degree  established  and  to  that  extent 
prepared  to  hold  their  own  against  tlie  possible 
or  probable  di'onghts  of  the  succeoding  spring 
or  summer whereas  in  spring  tranaiilanUng, 
they  arc  plunged  into  a  cold,  water-soaked  soil ; 
tho  leaves  aro  jirocipitutod  before  root  growth 
commences  by  tho  air  being  warmer  than  tbo 
soil  and  so  the  plants  suffer  from  tho  fact  that 
the  roots  cannot  supply  the  demands  of  the 
loaves. 
Why  not  transpLanl  evergreens  in  the  fall.^ 
Is  not  the  soil  as  w  arm  for  Iheiu  as  for  deciduous 
trees  ?  Is  not  tho  ground  as  cold  for  them  in 
the  spring  ?  Because,  it  is  answered,  evergreens 
aro  never  at  rest.  'Tlieir  loaves  are  always  at 
work  and  so  conseciucnlly  are  their  roots.  But 
this  would  seem  a  very  good  mason,  agreeably 
with  tbo  abovo  theory  Avhy  they  should  be 
transplanted  in  the  fall  siuoo  as  they  aro  never 
at  rest,  they  would  tho  sooner  form  now  roots  in 
tlie  warm  soil  of  full  than  in  tho  cold  soil  of 
spring.  Tho  reverse  is  Imown  to  bo  tho  fact. 
It  is  recommended  not  to  transplant  in  the 
fall  imtil  tbo  leaf  has  fallen,  or  is  ready  to  fall, 
and  the  plant  has  prepared  itself  for  its  wiuter’.s 
rest.  Do  tho  roots  of  trees,  etc.,  contimio  to 
grow  after  this  ]ieriod  ?  Is  tbo  root  iictivi.!  after 
the  top  ceases  action  ?  Up  to  tho  time  that  tho 
ground  becomes  bard  frozen,  yes;  afterwards 
no,  unless  tho  roots  descend  to  a  depth  beneath 
tho  action  of  frost.  But  tho  roots  of  nursery 
trees  jircparcd  for  shipment  never  do,  and  tho 
chock  which  the  tioo  undergoes  from  tho  time 
of  being  dug  np  in  the  nursery  to  tbo  lime  it  is 
reset  iu  its  liiial  <pi!irters,  is  suflicicnt  to  aiTost 
all  root  action  for  tho  rust  of  the  fall  or  at  loast 
until  freezing  weather  would,  in  any  event,  pre¬ 
sent  further  development. 
Sujipos*'  wo  make  a  cutting  of  any  haidy  plant 
—strike  it  in  late  Boptember,  plant  it  out  in  late 
October.  Without  jirotoction,  as  a  rule,  Giis 
plant,  will  ho  found  dead  in  tho  siiring.  Tho 
roots  are  too  tendor  b.)  endmo  tho  rigors  of 
winter.  It  is  so  with  transplanted  trees.  The 
Hhrous  root-growth  which  may  bo  induced  hy 
tho  warmth  of  late  fall  or  by  mild  periods  during 
midwinter,  being  near  the  snrfaco,  cannot  staml 
a  zero  temporaturo  that  may  unmcdiatcly 
follow — and  tlio  rosnll  is  that  tho  tree  is  weakened 
by  just  tho  amount  of  nmirishuient  reqiiiix'd  to 
proiluco  tho.so  llbrons  roots. 
In  tho  question  as  to  whether  it  is  better  to 
transplant  in  fall  there  is  hut  ono  thing  to  bo 
considered.  Will  tho  transplanted  tree  be  in- 
jiirfsi  by  the  probable  severity  of  tho  ensuing 
w  inter  ?  If  thoy  are  trees  that  arc  never  injured 
by  tw'outy  or  thirty  degrees  below  zero— never 
injiu-od  by  freezing  to-<lay  and  thawing  to-mor¬ 
row,  plant  ill  the  fall.  That  a  tioe  with  its  roots 
cut  back  as  they  iwe  for  shipmont,  is  as  well  able 
to  ciiduro  the  effi'ots  of  severe  winters  as  ono 
t  hat  has  its  roots  entire,  is  an  absurd  supposition. 
Blit  tho  hpriit'g-tr.aiifijjlanted  tree  has  its  roots 
sliortonod  tho  same  ?  True,  but  tho  winter  is 
jiasBoil  and  spring-timo,  its  uatiual  growing 
stiason,  is  at  hand.  It  is  essential,  certainly, 
that  trees  and  shiubs  should  be  mmovod  in 
early  sjn  ing  before  a  bud  has  swollen.  If  other¬ 
wise  ;  if  tlio  plant  is  half-leafed  out  when 
recoivoi!  from  tho  nursery,  be  sure  it  is  greatly 
wi?akoned  and  that,  in  ease  of  drought,  it  will  be 
tho  first  to  perish.  Without  a  drought  this 
plant  will  scarcely  more  than  sustain  itsolf  -  and 
another  year  at  least  will  bo  required  to  lestorc 
its  vigor.  <  lotting  back  in  such  casos  can  do  no 
good.  Its  strongtli  is  spent.  J,ast  year's  labors 
have  been  chiefly  thrown  away.  'I’lic  leaves 
are  rciely  for  work  -tho  roots  aro  not. 
In  tho  fall  of  '71,  we  transplanted  about  100 
trees  and  shrubs  of  various  kinds  received  from 
iinrsories.  AH  know  of  tho  exceptionally  severe 
winter  following.  A  majority  of  thorn  —lot  us 
say  sixty  per  cent  were  found  to  be  dciul  in  tlie 
spring  or  so  bailly  injured  that  they  died  after¬ 
wards.  This  spring  wo  received  and  plunk'd 
us  many  inore.  The  drought  has  boon  as 
exceptionally  sovoro  as  wa.j  the  winter  of  ‘71  and 
'75.  Yet  our  losses  have  been  less  than  twenty- 
live  jK'r  cent.  This  ts  not  offered  tho  reader  as 
i;oi‘iti\u  proof  in  favor  of  spring  transpl.aiiting, 
since  tho  varictie.s  ami  .species  of  tho  two  sets  aro 
not  given  him  for  ctiinparibou.  But  to  us  who 
know  of  all  inodifying  oireumstaiiccs,  it  is  con¬ 
vincing  tliat  whore  plants  havo  to  bo  purebased 
of  uuiscrios  at  snob  a  distance  as  to  necessitate 
packing  and  shipment,  the  spring  is  greatly  to 
bo  i>referred  for  tho  climate  of  New  York  and 
north  of  it. 
— - ■*^-*~*^ - 
CHESTNUT  PLANTING. 
We  observe  in  tlie  Oountry  (lontloman,  iu  an¬ 
swer  to  an  iiKpiliy  for  directions  for  planting 
Ohostimt  orcliards  or  groves,  th.at  the  editor,  iu 
reply,  commoncorthyVtating  that  tho  seed  should 
always  bo  planted  vvhero  the  treos  are  to  rotiuun, 
but  does  mil  give  tho  reason  ihorofor.  Now, 
having  had  large  exporicnco  with  the  (  Ihestnnl, 
wc  claim  that  the  position  taken  by  tho  afore¬ 
said  paper  is  at  variauce  witli  tho  experionco  of 
our  heat  growers,  and  Hint  the  failures  which 
would  ensue  by  planting  tho  nuts  directly  w  Jiere 
the  trees  aro  to  rcuinin,  exposed  to  the  depreda¬ 
tions  of  animals,  largo  and  small,  domestic  and 
wild,  for  tho  hist  year  or  two  of  tliou'  oxistcnco 
would  bo  greater  I  linn  if  nursery-grown  treos  of 
reasonable  size  were  planted. 
We  are  aware  that  soiiio  varieties  of  trees 
transplant  with  greater  dillleulty  than  others. 
But  Ave  do  not  place  tho  Chestunt,  oitlier  Amer¬ 
ican  or  Spanish,  in  the  (hllioult  class.  Wo  claim 
to  havo  grown  and  Uausplantod  more  American 
Ohostuut  trees  than  any  one  llriu  in  the  Uni  ted 
.Sinks.  Wo  havo  traiisplnukd  ouo-ycar  seed¬ 
lings,  and  all  intermediate  sizes,  up  to  so>  en  feet 
liigh,  and  nevoi*  made  a  fniluro.  AUbongh  wo 
have,  in  some  instances,  planted  very  late  in  the 
spring,  even  after  tho  trees  were  partly  in  leaf, 
our  exporienco  demonskatos  that  they  will  trans¬ 
plant  as  easily  as  any  other  mit-boarnig  tree,  and 
possibly  as  any  fruit  treo  on  our  soil,  which,  we 
must  admit,  is  pecuhaily  adapted  to  U»o  growing 
of  Sweet  Chestnut. 
Ill  soils  not  as  congenial,  it  would  bo  fai’  more 
dillicult  to  rear  from  the  seed  than  to  succeed  by 
transplanting,  as  all  know'  who  have  hail  oxpeid- 
enco  in  the  rearing  of  scodlings,  not  of  ChcBtuut 
only,  Init  of  most  forest  and  fruit  trees  that  the 
most  prccarions  time  is  in  the  germination  of  the 
seed  and  carrying  the  young  seodlings  through 
tho  babyhood  of  their  existenco.  As  familiar 
exanqiles  wo  would  cito  Evorgi’eeuH,  Larch  and 
Malialeb  Cherry  seedlings,  and.  in  onr  humble 
opinion,  it  would  be  just  iiliont  as  sensiblo  for 
agricultural  journals  to  if'comniemi  the  planting 
of  the  seeds  of  tlieso  where  the  trees  are  to  re¬ 
main  as  to  rocoiiimend  such  treatment  for  tho 
Chostimt.  We  liave  many  times  iini>orled  Span¬ 
ish  Chestnut  trees  from  France  and  planted  on 
our  own  grounds,  and  with  as  uniformly  good 
sucoe.ss  as  wo  havo  experienced  with  other  forest 
trees,  or  oven  Quince  and  Tear  Stocks. 
ralucsvHIe,  Ohio.  .‘^toru.s,  Baku  ikon  A:  Co. 
I  Wo  fully  coiucido  iu  tho  opinions  expressed  by 
tbo  abovo  correspondent,  for,  in  onr  own  expe- 
rionee  in  raising  and  handling  Cliostnnl  trees, 
wo  have  had  iiniforndy excellent  snceoss  in  trans¬ 
planting,  both  tho  foreign  and  native  vaiioties. 
Nnt-bearing  trees,  if  snhjcekd  to  tho  samo  pre- 
jiaratory  processes  in  the  nnr.'^ory,  may  bo  trans- 
plantod  with  as  uniformly  good  results  as  our 
common  fruit  trees,  and  it  is  an  iiijiuy  to  arbor- 
icnltnrcrs  to  lo.a(:h  the  contiMry.— Eu.  IluiiAi.  ] 
- - 
THE  DECAY  OF  TREES  IN  PARKS. 
The  trees  in  Hyde  Piuk,  London,  aro  exhibit¬ 
ing  signs  of  blight  and  decay,  greatly  to  the  re¬ 
gret  of  all  who  frequent  that  delightful  and 
fashionable  place  of  resort.  It  is  suggosted  in 
Hardwicko’s  “  Science  (iossip  "  that  Hie  esiiKO  of 
tho  trouble  is  the  careful  removal  of  the  fallen 
Icavosand  fruit  which  form  the  natural  food  of 
the  trees.  A  portion  of  tlie  phosphate  or  o.xal- 
atc  of  lime,  w  Inch  the  trees  have  drawn  from  tho 
soil,  is  stored  in  the  tissues  of  the  leaves  and 
fruits  in  the  form  of  crystals.  It  is  this  which 
renders  leaf  mold  so  valuahlo  as  a  mauui'u. 
Therefore,  w  hen  the  treo  sheds  its  leaves,  they 
shoukl  be  allowed  to  remain  around  its  base,  in 
order  that  they  may  restore  to  tho  soil  tho  iiu- 
liorUint  constituents  whioh  they  havo  taken 
from  it.  When  they  are  haliitually  romoved,  tho 
soil  hoeoines  impoverished,  and  incapable  of 
Hiistaining  a  vigorous  vegetation.  “  1  lad  the  old 
forests  been  always  cleared  of  the  fallen  leaves, 
thero  would  long  since  havo  been  a  decay  of  that 
noble  vegetation  which  still  excites  Hie  lulinira- 
tion  of  the  traveler,  llich  and  dw-p  soils  may 
afford  for  long  porioils  asulliciency  of  calciu-eons 
salts  for  the  preservation  of  tho  pliinis,  hut  not 
so  shallow  and  poor  soils.  The  quantity  of  sn- 
lino  matter  amiually  taken  up,  even  bv  a  sitiglo 
tree,  from  tbo  soil,  and  appeal  ing  as  inicroseo- 
pic  crystals  in  the  plant,  is  prodigious ;  and,  un¬ 
loss  this  saline  material  he  relni  ned  to  the  earth, 
exhaustion  thereof  must  sooner  or  later  occur.” 
Irouiiti  t|c  ririjiublir, 
OUR  GOVEBNMENT  SURVEYS. 
Tho  system  adopkd  by  the  United  States  Oov- 
ornment  for  surveying  its  krritory,  and  dividing 
and  sulidivi'liiig  into  Townships,  Sections  and 
Fractions  of  Sections,  has,  by  its  simplicity  and 
adaptitudo  for  the  purpose  intended,  received 
merited  commendation. 
Tho  Ih’fctw’ork  of  the  snrvoyor  is  to  establish  a 
principal  lueiidiaiir  which  is  a  lino  run  duo  north 
and  south,  p.assing,  whi  n  convonieiit,  through 
Homo  marked  gcograpliic-d  or  topographical 
point.  As  Uiis  is  a  lino  from  v.  hieh  other  meas¬ 
urements  are  made,  great  cure  is  tuktui  in  its  es- 
tabliahmeut.  Accokh  this  nioridiaii,  and  at 
rigid,  angles  therewith,  runs  another  line  called 
a  baso  line. 
lauoB  jiai'allel  with  both  the  meridian  and  tho 
base  lines  aro  then  run  at  intervals  of  six  miles 
-thus  dividing  tlio  area  into  tracts  six  miles 
squiu'Q,  which  aro  callial  Townships.  These 
townships  are  subdivideil  inlo  flfl  plots,  each  one 
mile  si^uaro,  which  arc  called  Sections,  and  con¬ 
tain  610  acres.  'Tlieso  sections  aro  numbered 
from  1  to  30,  commcucing  at  upper  right-hand 
corner  and  counting  across  the  upper  row.  aud 
thonco  back  ou  second  row,  aud  so  on.  Ihe  ac¬ 
companying  diagram  shows  a  township  divided 
into  socUouB  aud  the  manner  in  w  hi.,li  the  sec¬ 
tions  aro  immbpred : 
3 
1  ■ 
9 
! 
11 
j 
t 
17 
13  j 
13  : 
i 
21 
23 
1  29 
1 
27 
25 
31 
33 
- 
35 
The  lines,  bounding  townships,  which  run  par¬ 
allel  with  the  meridian  are  called  Range  liner, 
and  those  parallel  with  the  base,  Town  linos. 
Any  number  of  townships  situate  in  a  north  and 
south  hue  are  called  a  range,  aud  are  numbered 
east  or  west  from  a  principal  n^oiidiau.  Eacli 
series  of  townships  situate  in  an  east  and  west 
line  are  numbered  north  or  south  from  a  baso 
_a 
