THE  RyBAL  « 
¥OBK 
line.  So  if  wo  arc  told  that  a  section  of  land  in 
any  State  is  located  in  Township  10  north,  Range 
10  east,  of  any  iirincipal  meridian,  to  locate  it  on 
a  map  wo  lirst  look  for  tho  meridian  named ; 
thou  we  count  on  tho  meriilian  from  tho  base 
lino  nortli  to  tho  tenth  h>wn,Hhip  ;  thence  follow¬ 
ing  that  KorioK  of  townshipH  east  from  tho  me¬ 
ridian.  tiio  tenth  will  bo  tho  one  desired.  T<j 
facilitate  search,  all  good  maps  have  tho  town¬ 
ships  nuniborcd  on  tlio  mcruhans  and  tho  num¬ 
ber  of  lUugos  given  on  tlio  base  linos. 
Each  section  i.s  sub.livideil  into  (piarter  sec¬ 
tions,  amt  tho.se  again  sulxlivided  into  ijuarlers. 
Rhonld  you  purchase  tho  small  square  shown 
at  the  upper  right-hand  corner  of  tho  above 
diagram,  which  resprosonts  a  section,  it  might 
be  described  in  your  deed  as  tJio  N.  E.  J.*  of  tho 
N.  E.  '+  of  Section  12,  Township  10  N.,  Range 
21  W.  of  the  Gth  principal  meridian,  and  would 
contain  10  acres. 
In  cousequonco  of  tho  globular  form  of  tho 
earth,  linos  run  by  compass  duo  north  are  not  in 
fact  parallel,  but  api)ro:Mjh  each  otlun-,  and  when 
started  six  miles  apart  on  a  base  lino,  they  aro 
found  to  bo  loss  than  tliat  when  mQasu.od  on 
any  township  lino  north,  and  eousoquontly  tho 
north  and  south  Ihios  of  any  township  aro  not 
exactly  of  the  same  length.  If  tho  north  and 
south  linos  were  cojdiuued  across  a  Htato,  tho 
difleronco  in  JU'oa  between  the  northern  and 
southern  townships  woukl  be  verj’  considerable. 
To  obviate  this  diiliculty  and  have  tho  townships 
as  nearly  of  a  size  as  practicable,  now  moasure- 
monts  from  the  meridian  are  made  on  township 
linos  at  inlorvals  of  live  or  ten  townships.  This 
occasions  an  off.sot  or  jog  in  the  range  lino 
which  is  ipiito  apparent  on  tho  maps.  When 
tlio  township  lines  arooxtondod  a  groat  distance, 
tho  accumulation  of  offset  is  so  groat  that  soino- 
timos  a  contlmmiis  range  lino  is  carefully  nm 
and  new  moasnreinouts  made  therefrom.  Biich 
lines  aro  called  ( <  uide  Hleridians.  n.  a.  k. 
Jloiiustic  (L’toiiomi). 
ORIGINAL  RECIPES, 
I  HKSD  you  some  recipes  for  tho  bonofit  of  the 
ady  readers  of  the  Run\r- ;  they  are  as  follows : 
Coffee  Calce. — 1  cup  of  cold  oofl'oe,  1  cup  of 
sugar,  1  cup  of  mola.s8C8,  1  cup  of  fruit,  1  cup  of 
butter,  11 3  toaapoonfiil  of  soda,  spice  to  your 
taste,  4  cups  of  Hour. 
Cookies.— 1  cup  of  butter,  2  of  sugar,  j  j’  cup 
of  sour  cream,  2  eggs,  1  toaspoouful  of  soda. 
Doughnuts.— i  pint  of  sour  cream,  .3  eggs,  2 
cups  of  sugar,  1  teaspoon  of  soda,  mix  quite 
Btiir.— Eaujikk’s  Oiul. 
- - - - 
SELECTED  RECIPES. 
The  Art  of  Cooking.  -Thoiivt  of  broking  lu- 
diaii-meal  ha.s  not  received  tliat  attention  which 
its  merits  do.sorvo.  A  baked  Indian  pudding, 
witli  a  little  suet  to  softoii  and  lubricate  the  meal, 
makes  a  dessert  IH  for  a  (lovernor,  and  almost 
too  good  for  eonunon  folks.  With  milk,  butter, 
eggs,  and  sugar,  and  lots  of  fruit,  Indian-ineal 
can  bo  made  to  keep  a  family  in  tho  most  thrifty 
condition.  U'hese  aro  all  produced,  sugar  ex¬ 
cepted,  on  the  farm,  and  ou  many  farms  wo  need 
not  make  an  exception.  When  sugar  is  made 
from  beets  in  tliis  country— as  it  ought  to  bo, 
and  soon  will  bo— tho  farmer  will  bo  almost  inde¬ 
pendent  of  the  grocer,  and  can  snap  his  lingers 
at  tariffs  and  imports. 
Stuffing  for  DuuUrg  or  Fish.— I  of  bread 
crumbs,  1  egg,  i  teacup  full  mashed  potatoes, 
butter  size  of  an  egg,  savory,  sago,  pepper  and 
salt.  Tho  above  with  the  addition  of  a  choi>pcd 
onion  is  excellent  for  goose,  duck  or  [wild  meat 
of  any  kind. 
To  wash  Dried  Currants  or  other  Fruit.  -Put 
tho  currants  into  a  colander  and  set  tho  colander 
into  a  pan  of  water.  Rub  tho  fruit  with  tho 
bauds  and  stir  it  about  when  the  dust,  etc.,  will 
pass  through  the  perforated  bottom  of  the  col¬ 
ander  leaving  tho  fruit  oloau. 
Cheese  TYittei's.—\ioa.i  four  eggs  very  light, 
season  with  salt,  mustard  and  pepper.  Slice 
thin  half  a  dozen  largo  sour  apples,  and  half  as 
many  thin  hlicos  of  good  chooso  as  you  have 
slices  of  apples.  Put  tho  cheese  to  soak  iu  the 
mixture  of  egg  and  seasoning  ;  let  it  stand  a  few 
moments ;  then  fry  in  hot  butter,  like  oysters, 
and  servo  hot. 
Viotxo'ia  Soup. — Take  a  couple  of  large  or 
three  small  fat  chickens,  clean  and  sldn  thorn ; 
take  al.so  ten  pounds  or  more  of  veal,  cut  into 
pieces,  and  a  half  poimd  of  loan  ham ;  put  these 
together  into  a  very  nice  stewpan,  with  a  bunch 
of  p.arsley,  and  moisten  them  with  clear  boiling 
veal  broth.  Let  tliis  stew  softly  for  an  hour, 
then  soak  in  the  broth  the  soft  paid  of  a  French 
roll;  cut  the  llesli  off  the  breasts  and  wings  of 
tho  chii'kons.  chop  and  iiound  it  to  a  paste  in  a 
mortar,  witli  the  hard  yolk  of  two  eggs,  tho 
soaked  crumbs,  ten  sweet  almonds  and  tliroo 
bitter,  all  blanched.  Rnb  the  compound  into 
tho  soup,  strain  the  wlmlo,  and  add  grailually  a 
qu.'U't  of  sweet  cream  hrouglit  to  boil  by  itself; 
boil  it  np,  stiiTlng  till  served.  Tho  seasoning 
should  bo  mild,  luul  a  bit  of  sugar  is  an  improve¬ 
ment. 
To  Ilrmooe  Mortar  or  Fahd  from  Wimh/ws. — 
Rnb  the  spots  of  mortar  wLlli  a  stiff  brush, 
diiqied  in  sharp,  hot  vinegar,  and  paint  spots 
with  Imrning  iluid  or  camphono,  and  sand. 
Wat)THwhnt  Solomon  Jewett,  now 
a  residout  of  Vermont,  writes  to  tlio  World  as 
follows;  About  ten  yoar.s  ago,  while  on  a  sheep 
ranch,  1(5.')  mil ea  back  from  Iios  Angelos,  Cal., 
from  whence  we  received  our  supplies,  I  took  a 
40-gall"n  oaken  cask,  and  llUod  it  with  ripe,  or 
nearly  ripe,  rvatonnolons,  all  being  bruised  to  a 
pulp  or  iuto  quite  small  fragments,  with  a  wood¬ 
en  pounder,  as  they  were  thrown  in.  Then  tho 
head  was  replaced,  and  every  day  wo  changed 
ends,  one  resting  on  tho  ground,  lii  a  little  time 
the  rinds  of  tho  moIonH  changed  to, a  jmlp,  and 
tho  whole  mass  was  formed  into  a  jileasant  but 
not  strong  vinegar.  But  by  the  aildition  of  a  few 
quarts  of  molassoa,  we  drew  out  occasionally 
from  tho  larger  cask  into  a  smaller  one,  supplied 
with  the  x^lant,  or  “  luolhor,"  all  of  which  made 
very  lino  vinegar. 
attack  of  distemper,  and  although  second  attacks 
of  tho  various  eruptive  fevers  are  common 
enough  in  children,  second  attacks  of  distemper 
are  rare  among  dogs,  while  such  second  cases, 
when  they  do  occm-,  ai'o  invariably  of  a  slight 
and  temporary  nature. 
®I)c  Hatiiralist, 
A  RUSSIAN  WOLF-TRAP. 
Wk  liiid  the  accompanying  illnstratiou  and  ilo- 
scription  of  a  Uiissian  Wolf  Trap  in  tho  ;Vgricnl- 
tiiral  fhizolUi  and,  although,  not  new  to  U8,  it  is 
worth  doseriliing  again,  as  It  answers  well  for 
nearly  all  of  our  larger  animals  including  foxes 
and  boars.  Of  course  the  bait  may  ho  varied  to 
enrrospond  witli  the  game  to  ho  caught.  At  a 
is  a  door,  by  which  Mr.  Isogrim.  tho  wolf,  is  apt 
to  outer,  enticed  to  do  so  by  a  goat,  which  is  put 
iuto  ini  inner  inelosnro,  e.  Tho  wolf  walks  along 
h,  I),  h,  arrive.^  at  d.  which  is  a  gate. 
O  O  O 
o 
SCHOOL-ROOM  PERILS! 
Du.  RteiiAun  JIcSnuunY,  of  Biltiinoro,  writes 
the  following  to  the  .Sanitarian  on  schoolroom 
perils.  'J'liere  is  no  bloodshed  in  the  beginning, 
but  tliore  is  towards  tho  end  in  various  forms  of 
hoitionhagn. 
Wliat  else  can  ho  expected  Aviien  young  chil- 
dreu  aro  Imprisoned  for  long  and  weary  liours, 
day  after  day,  and  year  after  year,  in  close  and 
stilling  schoolrooms,  whore  tlie  air  is  habitually 
HO  foul  as  to  be  e.voeedingly  offensive  to  any  one 
entering  from  without,  thougli  unnoticed  by 
those  within,  who  aro  breathing  it  over  and  over 
again  ?  A  la<ly  who  is  fond  of  plants  and  llowors, 
and  has  hut  a  siniill  space  for  oiiltivating  them, 
says  that  iu  window-gardening  slm  linds  that  her 
favorites  require  a  goodly  quantity  of  sun  and 
air  to  thrive,  which  she  seeks  for  them  accor¬ 
dingly,  while  she  sends  those  more  tender  plants, 
the  children,  to  a  horrid  schoolroom,  wiicnoe  tho 
rays  of  the  sun  aro  excluded,  while  the  arlillcial 
heat,  often  Itself  loaded  with  coal-gas  urcarboiu'c 
oxide,  is  made  iiiepJutlo  witli  carbonio  aei<l  from 
many  breaths,  and  all  the  e.xlialat!ons  that  arise 
from  a  miscellaneous  crowd  of  helpless  and  inno¬ 
cent  liLllo  pi  isoners.  This  is  not  a  matter  of 
comfort  or  discomfort,  but  more  clearly  a  matter 
of  life  or  deatli  with  tho  children.  What  is  tho 
good  of  all  the  learning,  such  as  it  is,  ucipiircd 
in  the  schoolroom,  and  by  gas-light  at  homo,  to 
a  young  girl  who  has  a  spinal  curvature  and  a 
perpetual  headache,  and  a  weak  chest,  and  Indi- 
gosUoii,  and  flabby  muscles,  and,  in  short,  uni¬ 
versal  delicacy  iu  every  ])art  of  her  organism  ? 
How  is  she  prepared  for  the  wear  and  tear  of  life 
duties,  and  what  kind  of  a  he)p-niecti.s  she  going 
to  make  i*  The  evil  is  a  ci-yiiig  one ;  it  is  fraught 
witli  ruin,  yet  scarcely  any  but  a  few  medical 
men  seoui  to  aiiprcciato  it.s  inqiortance. 
What  is  the  remedy  ?  Eow  or  hoiu's  at  school, 
and  fewer  stiuUcs  at  any  one  time.  Frequout 
chaugos  of  position  and  air ;  a  brief  recess  every 
hour  to  relievo  tho  mental  tension,  stretch  tho 
cramped  hmbs,  and  enable  the  scholars  to  take 
iu  good  inspirations  of  fresh  air. 
Let  tlie  schoolroom  bo  cleared  every  hour,  and 
thoroughly  vontUatod  while  the  childixm  play  for 
a  few  minutes  iu  tho  Ofien  air  in  gooil  weather, 
or  under  shelter  while  it  rains.  Tho  shelter 
should  ho  jirovided,  no  matter  what  tho  cost. 
Life  and  loanilng  are  of  little  worth  without 
health,  hut  Icai’iiiug  and  health  would  both  bo 
promoted  by  these  measures. 
DOGS  TAKE  MEASLES  FROM  CHILDREN. 
Ax  interesting  case  of  this  nature  is  described 
in  a  recent  report  of  tho  Epidemilogical  fjociety. 
A  dog  licked  the  liatid  of  a  child  lying  in  hoil,  and 
on  whom  the  measles  eruption  was  at  its  height. 
Twelve  days  later,  tho  dog  sickened  and  Hiifforod 
for  two  days  with  nasal  di.sohargc,  and  four  days 
later  died  w  ith  marked  oongestiou  of  the  throat 
and  air  [lassago.  It  has  been  hold  by  some  au¬ 
thorities  that  measles  in  m.au  Is  the  analogue  of 
distemper  iu  dogs— Indeed,  it  has  been  urged 
that  they  are  the  same  disease ;  but  this  case 
contradicts  such  a  view,  for  tho  dog  iu  question 
had,  four  years  previously,  gone  through  an 
o  o  o 
o 
Now,  as  ho  does  not  like  to  turn  round,  ho 
pushes  against  d,  which  will  close  up  n,  n,  and 
bo  caught.  Ml'.  Isegrim,  sly  as  he  is,  is  also  very 
straightforward  ;  ho  w  ill  not  turn,  he  will  nmon, 
and  whenever  ho  arrives  at  d  (which,  jierhaps, 
the  wind  may  have  thrown  open  again)  he  will 
push  against  it  and  shut  it  up  again.  'I’lms  the 
uiglit  pa.sK08,  and  in  tho  morning  Isogrim  Is 
found  and  strangled  with  a  sling,  for  to  shoot 
him  would  not  bo  advisable,  as  his  ‘‘sweat" 
would  keep  off  his  kin.  AU  this  while  the  goat 
has  been  eating  bean  straw  in  her  safe  enclosure. 
The  month  whou  wolves  aro  i»ai  ticularly  apt 
hi  walk  into  this  Oirccau  castle  Is  the  month  of 
August,  when  they  havo  to  find  leader  food  for 
their  imppioH ;  but  tlioy  aro  cauglit  all  tho  year 
round,  always  in  one  and  the  samo  trap,  which 
thus  is  tho  very  best  way  in  which  to  invest  a 
few  dozens  of  polos  some  I  foot  high,  and  it  will 
be  best  not  even  to  peel  them. 
- - *.-^4-  - - 
CURIOUS  FACT  CONCERNING  A  FROG. 
A  SHORT  time  siueo  a  lad  wishoil  to  eject  a  frog 
from  an  outhouse,  and  to  do  so  ho  took  up  a 
largo  stool  file  that  was  lying  near  and  touched 
tho  frog  with  its  blunt  point,  but  not  so  as  to 
hiu-t  it-  Tho  frog,  however,  emitted  a  singular 
scream,  as  though  In  pain,  and  coutinnod  to  do 
so  each  timo  that  it  was  touched  with  tho  Jlle, 
The  attention  'of  a  gentleman  lu'csoiit  having 
been  drawn  to  tho  mal  ter,  ho  took  a  piece  of 
deal  lath  and  touohod  tho  frog  with  it  In  tho 
samo  way,  but  the  frog  aoumed  to  take  no  notice 
of  tho  application,  except  to  go  on  loaping  in  a 
natural  manner.  A  few'  more  touches  of  the 
lath  provoking  no  sound,  ho  took  the  file  and 
applied  it  lightly  to  the  frog,  when  a  scream, 
apparently  of  pain,  w  as  again  emitted.  Is  it  not 
probable  that  the  aiiplioatiou  of  tho  file  pro¬ 
duced  galvaiiisui  ?  or  if  not,  what  other  reasona¬ 
ble  explanation  can  be  given  ? 
fljc 
BEE-KEEPING  IN  CITIES. 
I  oi!-ri-.x  see  tho  most  extravagantly  false  state¬ 
ments  puhlishod  in  regard  to  bee-keeping  iu 
cities  ;  and  tho  articles  aiqiear  to  mo  to  bo  writ¬ 
ten  iu  the  iutcrebts  of  parties  who  havo  bee¬ 
hives  to  sell  to  city  people.  A  writer  in  the 
American  Grocer  says  :  “  G lass-hives  have  re¬ 
peatedly  been  exhibited  in  New  York,  containing 
over  one  hundred  pounds  of  honey,  which  has 
been  ma<le  iu  the  very  heart  of  Now  York."  A 
grosser  falsehood  was  never  written.  Then  this 
siwcimeii  of  iguorancO  adds  :  “  There  is  no  doubt 
that  tho  laboring  man  in  cities  can  supply  his 
family  with  rich,  pure,  virgin  honey  through  the 
year  at  less  than  one  cent  a  iiound." 
Tlio  writer  goes  on  to  talk  of  tlie  great  quan¬ 
tities  of  flowers  in  the  yards  of  tho  iicoplo  of 
Now  York,  and  tlio  trees  from  whicli  honey  may 
be  gathered,  when  it  is  a  fact  that  bees  gather  no 
lioney  from  sucb  flowers  as  families  have  iu  tiioir 
yards ;  and  all  the  trees  in  New  York,  except 
fruit  trees  in  the  outskkis,  aro  utterly  non-])ro- 
ductivo  of  honey,  unless  an  occasional  maple 
ti’oo  m.ay  bo  found  to  afford  a  very  little  honey 
while  iu  flower  in  tho  spring.  Tlie  Grocer  says : 
“Hevcral  mistaken  writers  agree  in  remarking 
that  in  foraging  l)oea  rarely  go  more  than  a  mile 
and  a  half  and  then  tho  MTiter  argues,  knowing 
that  no  honey  can  bo  gathered  in  Now  York,  that 
boos  will  go  “  throe  and  foiu'  miles”  for  it. 
Now,  the  exporionco  of  bco-koopers  in  tho 
wliolo  world  is,  that  tho  supply  of  honey  must  bo 
xeillUn  a  mile  and  ii  half  of  tho  liive.  But  ivliy 
don’t  those  false  writers  give  the  names  of  the 
parties  who  obtained  tho  ‘‘ 100  liis.  of  honey  in 
glass  hives?"  Why  don’t  they  cite  tho  experi¬ 
ence  of  individnals,  naming  them,  and  place  of 
residence  ?  Why  don’t  wo  see  some  accounts  of 
their  success  from  N.  Y.  city  boc-kcopers,  if  they 
exist?  T.  B.  Mixek. 
Linden,  N.  J. 
■  ■  4  »  »  — ■ 
WINTERING  BEES. 
The  Roy.  M.  Mahax  D.  D.  in  writing  to  Moon’s 
Boo  Worlil,  from  Now  Castle,  Ind.,  gives  his  ox- 
porienco  in  wintering  bees,  which  may  doubtless 
bo  of  value  to  thousauds  of  tho  readers  of  tho 
IlURAE  New  Yorker  : 
Many  of  tho  most  scientillc  and  successful 
apiaries  in  tho  oountry  have  given  special  atten¬ 
tion  to  winter  uianagomeut,  and  many  plans  havo 
boon  suggested  and  tried,  and  many  of  them 
havo  boon  found  uurolialflo.  I  have  no  doubt 
but  that  tho  best  plan  avouUI  bo  to  winter  in  a 
collar  or  ropositoi7  if  wo  couJd  scctiro  the  right 
temperatui'o  and  keep  tho  hives  dry.  But  these 
condltiioiis  are  not  easily  soenred,  and  iu  their 
absence  tlie  boos  arc  bettor  on  tbek  suimner 
stands.  I  have  observed  that  bees  wintered  in  a 
collar,  or  in  a  frost-proof  repository,  aro  more 
Ulcoly  to  dwindle  away  and  perish  in  tho  spring 
than  those  wintered  out  of  doors.  I  am  not 
able  to  account  for  it,  but  1  am  satisflod  that  it  is 
true. 
Hitico  I  have  kept  boos  I  havo  had  some  rather 
cosily  oxpericiico.  Guo  winter  1  saved  only  four 
stocks  out  of  thirty-live.  That  was  the  heaviest 
loss  1  over  austaiued.  Tliioo  wiiitoi’s  I  have 
wintered  all  my  stocks  losing  none.  As  I  havo 
liad  niy  eyes  open  most  of  tlio  time,  and  havo 
cndoavoi'od  to  ascertain  tlio  bearing  of  all  tho 
facts  oonneoted  with  success  and  failiiio,  I  think 
1  am  able  to  give  some  advice  which  will  help  tho 
novices  in  tho  boo-kcoiifng  fralornity  to  avoid 
very  serious  loasos. 
Of  course  tho  flrst  tiling  to  he  looked  after  is  a 
siUliclent  supply  of  lionoy  to  last  the  swarm  until 
tho  flowers  bloom  In  tho  spring.  A  little  too 
much  is  hotter  tlian  not  enough,  though  it  is 
easy  to  food  ill  tho  Rpiing,  aftor  the  weather  is 
warm  enough  to  fly  occasioiuiliy.  Foeding  iu 
long  continued  cold  weather  is  liable  to  produce 
disease.  In  tliis  latitude  a  colony  ought  to  liavo 
from  tweuty-livo  tn  thh'ty  Itis.  and  should  ho 
looked  after  early  in  tho  spring,  to  see  that  tho 
supply  docs  not  fall. 
Another  very  important  thing  is  winter  pass¬ 
ages  through  all  tho  combs.  This  matter  cannot 
bo  onijihasizod  too  strongly,  rassages  over  the 
combs  will  not  meet  tho  case  in  long  continued 
cold  weather. 
I  have  kuowii  wliolo  swarms  to  starve  to  death 
with  plenty  of  honey  in  tho  hive.  Tlioy  L:id 
oaten  all  within  their  roach,  while  there  was 
plenty  separated  from  them  only  by  tho  thin 
partition  between  tho  ends  of  tho  colls  of  tho 
comb’.  Daring  warm  days  iu  winter  the  cluster 
of  liccs  spreads  out  toward  tho  sides  of  tho  liivo, 
and  when  tho  weather  tiu-ns  cold,  the  cluster 
contracts. 
Suppose  we  have  a  day  or  two  of  warm  weather 
— warm  enough  for  tho  boos  to  lly,  and  suppose 
that  the  frames  of  tlio  hive  aro  lillod  with  comb 
from  top  to  bottom,  and  froui  front  to  rear, 
without  an  opeuhig  througli  wlilcli  a  boo  can 
pass.  TJiO  liees  aro  scattered  more  or  less 
through  tho  hivo.  Now  lot  tlio  moreury  fall,  as 
it  often  does  in  a  few  hours,  to  ton  or  eveu  to 
twenty  degrees  bolo’w  zero,  what  will  become  of 
them  ? 
They  must  got  together  in  a  compact  mass,  or 
they  must  freeze  to  death.  But  how  can  they 
.  got  togother  ? 
Those  between  the  outer  combs  must  go  over 
or  under  the  combs  to  reach  tho  cluster,  and  bo- 
.  foro  they  can  accomplLsh  the  Journoy  very  many 
,  of  thorn  will  perish.  And  tho  siune  thing  will  bo 
.  ropcatixl  over  and  over  dm-iug  the  winter.  tVbat 
-  wonder  that  by  spring  they  aro  reduced  to  a 
1  mere  handful,  or  pcri.sh  altogether  ? 
If  there  aro  passages  through  the  hivo,  many 
1  will  go  out  when  it  is  too  cold  for  them  to  return, 
;  though  the  sun  may  shine  full  ou  the  entrance; 
1  and  tho  unhealthy  may  as  well  die  out  of  tlie 
i  hive  as  in  it,  for  die  they  will  somowlioro. 
Tho  margin  of  profits  iu  beo-kooping  is  so  mod¬ 
erate,  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances, 
’  that  to  prevent  an  actual  loss  no  small  care  is 
'  needed.  This  aliould  bo  groato,st  in  winter  when 
I  the  risk  is  heaviest. 
