THE  BUBAL  HEW-YOBKEB. 
dirty  place  upon  which  they  are  dried,  and  the 
beings  who  handle  them.” 
SHIPMENTS  OF  INFERIOR  FRUIT. 
It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  a  large  portion  of 
the  California  rai.iins  sent  to  the  Eastern  mar¬ 
kets  last  year  wore  of  inferior  quality,  chiefly 
from  being  made  of  misiiitablo  grapes,  thereby, 
it  is  feareil,  injuring  the  sale  of  future  ship¬ 
ments.  It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  fJiat  in 
the  infancy  of  llie  industry  none  but  the  best 
should  be  sent  out  of  the  State,  unless  it  is  dis¬ 
tinctly  understood  that  the  fruit  in  question  is  of 
the  second  quality,  or  cooking  raisins,  and  is 
sold  as  such ;  and  that  the  boxes  should  bo 
plainly  niiu  lied,  so  tia  to  unerringly  indicate  the 
quality  of  the  contents.  There  are  doubtless 
many  grapes  growing  in  the  Htate  from  which 
good  raisins  can  be  made,  uml  it  may  be  that 
some  of  the  best  Spanish  varieties  were  brought 
here  by  Col.  Ilaraszthy  in  IfllJl,  and  tiro  now  ex¬ 
tensively  cultivated  under  otlior  namc.s.  Certain 
it  is  that  some  of  our  raisin  [iroiluoers,  notably, 
R.  R  Blowers  of  Yolo  and  (».  O.  Briggs  of  Sola¬ 
no  County,  have  superior  variotios.  Shipments 
of  this  year's  crop,  just  received  from  these  two 
producers,  are  of  so  excellent  a  quality  as  to 
leave  little  more  to  bo  desired.  Those  from  Mr. 
Blowers,  on  anoouut  of  the  care  and  taste  dis¬ 
played  in  packing,  have  elicited  general  com¬ 
mendation,  while  many  have  expressed  surprise 
that  California  i.s  capable  of  producing  such 
fruit. 
THE  PHYLLOXERA  IN  MADEIRA. 
According  to  a  letter  from  Dr.  Grabham,  an 
English  physician  residing  in  Funchal,  which 
appeared  in  the  •' Times  "  of  the  25th  ult.,  tlio 
Phylloxera  is  committing  sad  havoc  among  tlio 
Madeira  vines.  Dr.  Orabliam  states  that  tlie 
growers  who  re-planted  tlicir  vineyards  after 
their  former  destruction  by  blight,  have  enjoyed 
but  a  brief  time  of  prosperity,  for  the  Pliylloxera 
is  spreading  general  an<l  utter  destruction.  In 
the  best  situations  peasants  are  already  burning 
in  heaps  the  trellis-work  of  their  lately  beautiful 
cultivation,  and  in  less  valuable  districts  the 
devastating  process  is  only  one  stage  loss  ad¬ 
vanced.  Around  Funchal  there  is  not  one  vine¬ 
yard  in  vigorous  condition,  and  it  is  clear  Ibat 
no  considerable  crop  of  good  wine  may  bo  looked 
for.  In  the  “Times”  of  the  '^fltli  ult.,  Messrs. 
Cossart,  Gordon  A  Co.,  Madeira  wine  importers 
of  long  standing,  gave  a  much  more  hopeful 
view  of  the  aflfair.  Tliey  state  that  although  the 
Phylloxera  has  done  some  uiiischief  to  the  vinos 
this  year,  they  are  informed  by  their  house  in 
Funchal,  writing  on  8e[)t.  1.5th,  tliat  the  qual¬ 
ity  of  this  year’s  vintage  is  excellent,  so  far  as 
can  be  jurlged  by  the  succharometer,  and  that 
the  quantity  will  ho  very  largo  in  proportion  to 
the  Bhipments,  although  loss  than  last  year's 
produce.  This  year’s  vintage  is  estimated  at 
10,000  pipes,  being  within  a  fraction  of  the  exact 
aver.age  of  the  last  hovojj  years.  The  Phylloxera 
seems  not  only  to  destroy  the  vines,  hut  like  the 
Laurel  branch  on  board  the  good  sliip  Argo,  it 
seems  also  to  give  rise  to  intermiuahio  disputes 
among  those  who  sjHsak  or  ivrite  alxmt  it. 
MADRESFIELD  COURT  MUSCAT  GRAPE. 
This  grape  appears,  says  a  coiTesiiondent  to 
the  London  Garden,  to  bo  a  very  uncertain  vari¬ 
ety  ;  it  was  said  to  be  a  lato  grape,  hut  as  such  it 
has  failed  in  many  places  to  give  satisfaction.  I 
am,  however,  of  opinion  that  soil  lias  a  great 
deal  to  <lo  with  its  success  or  failure,  other  things 
being  equal.  The  best  sample  of  it  which  I  have 
yet  seen  is  in  a  late  vinery  at  Bolton  Hall,  near 
Bedale,  ivlierc  one  rod  is  carrying  sixteen 
bunches  of  fine  fruit,  in  which  there  are  no  signs 
of  cracking,  which  is  its  usual  fault.  Mr.  Rob¬ 
erts,  the  gardener  at  Bolton,  tells  mo  that  it  inva¬ 
riably  Bucceods  w'ell  with  him,  better  even  than 
other  vinoB  in  the  same  house,  consisting  of  Lady 
Downes,  Alicante,  and  B;trbaros.sa.  The  border 
in  which  it  is  growing  is  all  inside,  and  ib  made 
up  of  loam  off  the  carboniferous  limostone, 
bones,  brick  rubbish,  and  a  good  sprinkling  of 
charred  garden  refuse. 
omolocliral. 
RIPENING  PEARS. 
Many  a  bushel  of  late  fall  and  winter  pears  aio 
spoiled  for  want  of  care  in  ripening.  It  is  well 
known  that  pear.s  generally  are  of  much  better 
quality  if  properly  ripened  in  the  house  or  cellar 
than  when  left  to  fully  mature  ou  the  tree.  But 
there  is  more  danger  of  lale  sorts  being  injured 
by  placing  them  under  unfavorable  conditions 
than  the  e.arly  sorts,  consequently  we  offer  a  few 
hints  which  may  be  of  service  to  those  who  have 
had  no  experience  in  this  matter. 
Late  fall  or  ivintcr  sorts  which  do  not  mature 
until  frosts  occur,  should  be  gathered  before 
being  in  the  least  frozen  although  there  need  be 
no  haste  upon  the  first  appearance  of  cool  nights. 
In  gathering,  pick  every  specimon  by  hand  or  in 
some  mannor  to  avoid  bruising,  for  tho  pear  will 
not  withstand  such  rough  handling  as  the  apple. 
Pack  in  small  boxes,  barrels  or  half  barrels, 
leaving  the  cover  or  head  oiT  for  a  fow  days  or 
until  all  surface  moisture  has  passed  away,  then 
close  up  tight.  The  vessels  containing  the  fruit 
should  either  ho  loft  out  in  tho  open  air  until 
there  ia  danger  of  freezing,  or  stored  in  a  cool 
dry  room,  for  haste  in  ripening  is  not  conducive 
to  flno  flavor. 
Where  one  has  only  a  few  pears  raised  for 
family  use,  common  wooden  cheese  boxes  will 
be  found  very  handy  for  packing  as  they  are 
morn  easily  handled,  than  larger  vessels,  which 
is  quite  important  when  they  have  to  bo  moved 
and  tho  fruit  examined  several  times  during  tlie 
^riod  of  ripening.  If  each  Bpocimonis  wrapped 
in  soft  (lapor  it  will  in  a  measure  prevent  bruising 
and  rotting,  but  we  do  not  tliiuk  it  of  sufllcient 
benefit  to  pay  for  the  trouble  when  keeping  pears 
for  liomo  use. 
Tho  fruit  will  need  to  lie  examined  every  week 
or  two  and  any  decaying  specimens  removed,  Imt 
so  soon  as  tho  peur.s  show  the  usual  signs  of  ap- 
pro.aohiug  maturity,  or  arc  becoming  soft  and  in 
condition  for  use,  tlio  boxes  or  box,  as  the  c.ase 
may  bo,  containing  tho  ripening  sort  Bhould  be 
brouglit  out  of  Uie  cool  room  or  cellar  and 
placed  in  a  warmer  atmosphere,  say  where  the 
teniiieraturo  is  from  75®  to  80®  Fah.  Pears 
taken  from  a  cool  room  and  placed  in  a  very  warm 
one  for  a  few  days  during  tho  finisliing  stages  of 
tho  ripening  process  are  wonderfully  improved 
especially  in  the  increase  of  their  saccharine 
properties.  Tho  effect  is  probably  more  marked 
on  the  very  lato  sorts  like  Vicar  of  WinkJielA, 
Eauler  Bt  urre  and  Ndi»  than  on  the  au¬ 
tumn  sorts. 
The  novice  in  pear  culture  should  also  bear  in 
mind  that  pears  part  with  their  moistm'e  much 
more  readily  than  apples  on  account  of  tlieir 
porous  skin,  consequently  it  becofnos  necessary 
to  keep  them  in  a  somewhat  conflnod atmosphere 
else  they  soon  shrivel  up  and  eitlior  decay  or  be¬ 
come  tasteless. 
There  are  quite  a  number  of  what  are  termed 
secotid  oi*  third-rate  winter  pears,  which,  when 
properly  ripened  rank  fully  equal  to  bettor  sorts 
cai  elosBly  ripened.  There  is  something  in  know¬ 
ing  how  to  raise  good  winter  jiears,  but  more  in 
bringing  them  to  full  maturity  m  tho  best  pos¬ 
sible  condition. 
cultivate  carefully  for  a  few  years  until  the  trees 
have  become  well  established,  and  then  allow  a 
turf  to  form,  depending  afterwards  upon  top- 
dressings. 
Ceiiifuiiial.i 
CENTURY  BLOSSOMS. 
PLANTING  ORCHARDS. 
We  endorse  with  emphasis  the  following  very 
sensible  advise  on  phintiiig  orchards  from  the 
London  Garden. 
In  iireparing  the  holes  preparatory  to  planting 
the  trees,  one  can  only  reiterate  that  wliich  lias 
often  before  been  quoted,  viz.,  make  but  one 
hole— in  other  words,  mellow  the  soil  so  deeply 
that  the  size  of  the  hole  itself  will  be  a  matter  of 
Binall  moment.  The  depth  of  tho  hole  is,  how¬ 
ever,  of  some  importance;  in  my  opinion  it 
should  not  bo  too  deeji,  but  merely  sufficient  to 
allow'  tho  tree  to  atand  at  the  proper  depth.  Tap 
roots  will  work  theii-  way  down  almost  m  spite  of 
all  obstructions,  but  the  delicate  fillers  and  small 
roots  that  provide  the  nourishment  should  liavo 
light  mellow  earth  in  which  to  rainhlo.  This  is 
a  common  souse  view  of  tho  Hubjeot,  and  it  is 
borne  out  in  jiractice.  Deep  holes  not  uufro- 
quently  serve  as  receptacles  for  holding  water, 
especially  in  clayey  soils ;  and  when  planters  fill 
in  the  bottom  ivith  stones,  no  benefit  of  course 
is  doriveil  therefrom,  as  the  accumulated  water 
has  no  vent. 
In  soils  retentive  of  moisture,  trees  should  bo 
planted  oven  more  shallow  than  they  usually  are ; 
but  in  all  cases  it  is  a  good  rule  to  bear  in  mind 
that  trees  should  always  be  set  sliallow.  Con¬ 
cerning  tho  selection  of  trees,  planters  differ. 
3Ioat  prefer  small  trees,  bnt  succeBs  is  often  at¬ 
tained  witli  trees  of  largo  size.  There  is  this 
diffeionce :  a  persoii  to  succeed  with  large  speci¬ 
mens  must  first  thoroughly  urnlcrstand  tho  na¬ 
ture  and  requii'ements  of  liis  trees,  and  bo  versed 
in  his  work,  otherwise  ho  will  fail;  but  the 
merest  novice,  with  small  trees,  under  ordinary 
circumstances,  will  not  have  many  to  replace. 
In  respect  to  the  selection  of  nursery  trees.  I 
prefer  apples  three,  or,  at  the  furthest,  four 
years  of  ago ;  Pears,  two  or  three  years ;  Plums 
and  Cherries,  two  years ;  and  Peaches,  one  year. 
ITiese  should  all  bo  strong  and  healthy,  which  is 
shown  not  only  by  the  size  of  the  previous  year’s 
growth,  but  by  tho  peculiar  glossy  appearance 
of  the  bark. 
A  tree  that  has  been  unduly  stimulated  and 
forced  into  making  a  remarkably  strong  growth, 
is  not  ao  valuable  as  one  of  small  size  with 
healthy,  ripened  wood ;  and  the  latter,  in  the 
majority  of  instances,  will  come  into  fruiting  in 
advance  of  its  more  8ucccs.sfal  competitor.  The 
Grass  question,  In  its  application  to  orchard 
culture,  is  one  over  wliich  there  has  been  nmeh 
disagreement  among  practical  men ;  but  I  doubt 
if  the  most  strenuous  advocate  of  seeding  down 
to  Grass  would  recommend  the  practice  as  soon 
as  the  trees  are  planted.  The  proper  plan  is  to 
THE  BOOMER  A  BOSCHERT  CIDER  PRESS. 
The  Boomer  <t  Boschort  Press  Co.,  of  Syra¬ 
cuse,  N.  Y.,  have,  uiulor  tho  Buporvision  of  its 
owners  at  the  Centennial,  put  their  press  to  a 
rciitarkablQ  test  and  acooniplishod  an  unprece¬ 
dented  feat  in  tho  history  of  cider  making.  The 
problem  was  To  make  one  hundred  liarrels  of 
cider  in  ton  hours,  from  eiglit  liundrod  bushels 
of  apples.  This  was  a  bold  push  in  a  direction 
that  must  tost  the  fuUost  capacity  of  tho  jiross, 
and  on  its  successful  accoinpliHtiinent  depended 
tho  ability  of  tho  makers  to  justify  thoir  asser¬ 
tions  as  to  the  superiority  of  tlieir  manufacturos 
in  the  qualities  that  are  most  prized  in  a  cider 
press.  Most  extensive  and  careful  preparations 
wore  made  to  have  tho  test  ace ii rale  and  thor¬ 
ough  in  all  rospocts.  Tho  entire  arrangomouts 
wore  under  tho  supervision  of  tlio  Centennial 
Commission,  and  the  apples  were  woighod  and 
the  barrels  gauged  with  great  oaro,  so  as  to  in¬ 
sure  tlie  oiiinpletest  accuracy. 
The  trial  began  on  tlie  morning  of  Thursday, 
Oct.  26,  at  7.30  A.  M.  and  the  press  was  worked 
preoi.sely  nine  hours  and  forty  five  minutes.  In 
that  time  there  were  grouiel  H70>^  bushels  of 
apples,  winch  manufactured  116  barrels  and  22 
gallons  (by  weight)  of  cider !  ConneqimiHi/.  U 
reqairni  juf!  8  hour*  awl  21  minutes  to  wake 
the  hriwlrnd  barrels  of  cider,  using  onli/lAb  bush¬ 
els  of  apples,  or  7  46-100  bushels  to  the  barrel. 
This  result  is  as  gratifying  as  it  is  remarkalile 
and  marks  the  triumphant  accomplishment  of 
the  severest  test  ever  ajiplied  to  a  cider  press. 
Dining  tlio  entire  trial,  excluding  the  luilf  horn- 
allowed  for  dinner,  tho  press  worked  easily 
evincing  no  symptoms  of  strain  of  any  liind  and 
doing  work  wliich,  to  all  appearance,  differed  in 
no  degree  from  its  daily  jiorformancea  during  tho 
time  it  has  been  in  operation  in  Agricultural 
Hall.  This  tost  places  tho  presses  of  thi.s  Com¬ 
pany  in  an  onvialilo  poMition. 
HALIIOAY'S  STANDARD  WIND  MILL. 
The  Ilalliday  Wind  Mill,  mode  by  tlio  U.  8. 
Wind  Engine  A  Pump  Co.,  Batavia,  Ills.,  has  re¬ 
ceived  two  grand  medals  of  nioi  it  and  two  diplo¬ 
mas  of  honor  ou  its  exliibits,  thus  placing 
them  in  advance  of  all  competitors,  and  endors¬ 
ing  the  opinion  of  those  jMipuhu-  MilLi  already 
Hubstained  by  tlie  Agricultural  Oominunity. 
They  were  subjected  to  thorough  investigation  by 
tlie  judges,  and  also  snccossfully  vvithskiod  the 
severe  gale  of  Sept.  i7th  ult.,  that  destroyed  so 
much  property,  including  throe  Connioting  Mills. 
Below  we  give  tho  two  reports : 
The  U.  8.  Centennial  Commission  announce  tho 
following  Report  as  tho  basis  of  an  official 
award  to  United  States  Wind-Engine  and 
Pump  Co.,  Batavia,  Illinois : 
Official  Report:— For  powerful  and  efficient 
Wiiid-Engiiies,  with  Sectional  Sails  turning  in  a 
transverse  axis  and  capable  of  being  set  with 
tlieir  edges  to  the  wind,  ia  wliich  position  the 
mill  stops.  Those  sails  are  held  to  tlie  wind  by 
an  adjustable,  weighted  lever,  ingeniously  con¬ 
nected,  with  radiating  arms  attached,  by  jointed 
levers  to  the  transvei-sed  axis  of  oacli  section. 
Each  arm  is  provided  at  its  extremity  with  a 
weight.  When  the  centrifugal  tendency  of 
these  weights  is  sufficient  to  overcome  the 
weighted  lever  already  described,  their  action 
causes  the  Beotioiis  to  turn  their  orlgcs  to  the 
wind  more  or  Jess  completely,  according  to  their 
velocity  and  the  force  of  the  wind,  so  that  in  a 
stiff  breeze  tho  position  of  the  sections  is  almost 
parallel  to  tho  direction  of  the  wind,  and  the 
least  amount  of  surface  is  exposed  that  will  keep 
the  mill  to  its  work.  ♦  *  ♦  ♦ 
The  above  Report  is  officially  signed  by  A.  T. 
Goshobn,  Director-General;  ,J.  R.  Hawley, 
President ;  J.  L.  Campbell,  Secretary. 
Official  Award  to  l,T.  8.  Wind  Engine  A  Pump 
Company  for  Model  of  a  complete  Wind  Mill 
with  three  mna  of  stone. 
Official  Report : — Fulfllla  iui  purpose  of  illustra¬ 
tion  and  is  admii'ably  constructed.  A.  T.  Gos- 
HOBN,  Diieclor-Goneral ;  J.  R.  Hawley,  Preisi- 
dent;  J.  L.  OAaii’iiKLL,  Secretary. 
This  Company’s  career  has  lieon  on©  continued 
success,  and,  notwithstanding  the  cry  of  hard 
times,  it  is  rumiing  full  time,  employing  its 
usual  large  force  and  the  already  large  business 
is  steadily  incrcttBing. 
HONEST  FERTttIZERS. 
The  display  of  fertilizers  in  Agricultural  Hall 
is  worthy  of  this  large  and  rapidly  increasing 
interest,  but  the  exhibit  of  tlio  Buffalo  Fertilizer 
Works  tran.-iceuda  comjietitlou  in  tho  uniformity 
and  oxcoUence  of  airangeniont  of  the  exhibit, 
and  the  superior  exoelleuco  of  tho  far- fumed 
“Honest  Fertilizers,”  made  by  L.  L.  Cbockeb. 
Farmers  have  Justly  placed  groat  rolianoo  in 
the  products  of  this  firm  and  its  superphosphates 
have  come  to  bo  considered  as  standard,  The 
employees  are  men  who  have  devoted  years  of 
patient  labor  to  Hccuriug  tho  best  results  from 
the  various  combinations  of  ammonia,  potassium, 
flesh,  blood,  Ac.,  with  tlio  most  pronounced 
results,  HO  that  the  products  offered  by  Mr. 
Crocker  can  bo  relied  upoti  as  being  com¬ 
pounded  according  to  strict  scientific  formulas, 
modified  by  the  results  of  experience  on  the 
farm. 
The  ground  bone  prepared  at  tho  Buffalo 
worlts  merits  special  mention.  The  material  is 
selected  carefully,  and  the  treatment  of  tho  bone 
with  acids,  after  its  careful  and  thorougli  grind¬ 
ing,  secures  a  product  that  is  always  trustworthy. 
This  fact  can  be  fully  apprcciiitod  by  those  who 
have  u.scd  adnltcrateil  articlos,  and  it  is  of  groat 
moment  to  the  agriculturist  to  know  where  good 
fertilizers  can  bo  obtained.  Tho  report  hero 
given  accompanies  the  award  received  liy  L.  L. 
CuocKEB,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  is  an  indorsement 
Unit  will  carry  groat  weight  witli  it. 
Tlio  U.  8.  Centennial  Connnlssioii  announce  tho 
following  Report  as  tlm  Imsis  of  an  official 
award  to  L.  L.  Crocker  of  Buffalo  for  his 
Suporphosjihtttos  and  Fertilizers : 
Official  Report : — I'’or  tho  good  quality  of  his 
Superphosphates. 
For  tho  Fertilizers  made  from  them,  by  mix¬ 
ing  with  salts  of  ammonia,  potassinm,  amnio- 
niacal  liquor,  dried  flesli  and  blood. 
For  tho  inelligeiit  ileterminatiori  of  tho  manure 
intended  for  the  plants  cuUiv'Bted. 
The  above  Reyiorl  is  officially  signed  by  .T.  R. 
IIAWT.EY,  President ;  A.  T.  Gosuorn,  Director- 
General  ;  J.  L.  Campbell,  Secretary. 
®l)c  Itatimilist, 
THE  COMMON  HOUSE  FLY. 
Prof.  Packard,  in  briefly  summing  up  the 
life  history  of  tho  house-fly,  says : 
“  If  in  its  winged  condition  it  is  one  of  the 
most  disagreeable  featurcB  of  the  Dog-days,  and 
people  wonder  why  flies  were  ever  made  at  all,  it 
should  bo  remembered  that  flies  have  an  infancy 
as  maggots,  and  tho  loathsome  life  they  then 
leail  as  scavengers  cleanses  and  purifles  the 
August  air  and  lowers  tho  death-rate  of  our 
cities  and  towns.  Tims,  while  stables  and  pig¬ 
geries  and  flltb  are  tolerated  by  dty  and  town 
authorities,  tho  young  of  the  houso-fly  and  tho 
flesh  and  blow  flics,  with  their  thousand  allies, 
arc  doing  somothiug  toward  purifying  tho  pesti¬ 
lential  air  and  averting  the  summer  brood  of 
cholera,  dysentery,  diphtheria,  typhus  and  ty¬ 
phoid  fevers,  which  descend  like  harpies  upon 
tlio  devoted  towns  and  cities.  It  may  be  re¬ 
garded  as  an  axiom  that  where  flics  most  abound, 
tlioro  fllth,  death-dealing  and  baneful,  is  most 
abundant,  and  filth  disoasos  such  as  we  have 
named  most  do  congregate. 
“  Tho  life  of  tho  house-fly  may  be  siimraod  up 
as  follows  r  -It  lives  one  <Jay  in  tho  egg  state, 
from  live  days  to  a  week  as  a  maggot,  from  five 
to  seven  days  in  the  pupa  state— in  all  from  ten 
to  fourtonn  days  in  tlie  month  of  August— be¬ 
fore  tlio  winged  adult  period.  It  is  often  asked 
iiow  long-lived  a  fly  is.  Most  of  the  flies  which 
are  born  in  August  live  for  a  month  or  six  weeks, 
ami  die  at  the  coming  of  frost,  either  of  cold  or 
from  tile  iiituckH  of  fungoid  plants.  A  few, 
probably,  winter  over  aiui  survivo  until  midsum¬ 
mer,  and  thus  maintain  the  existence  of  this 
useful  sjiocies,  to  wliicli  triviliziKl  man  owes  more 
than  he  can  readily  esUmate.  and  with  which  he 
can  dispense  only  when  tho  nealth  of  cities  and 
towns  IS  looked  after  with  far  greater  vigilance 
and  intelligence  than  is  likely,  perhaps,  to  be 
tho  case  for  several  centuries  to  come. 
- ♦  »» 
FLOWERS  AND  INSECTS. 
In  his  lecture  at  Belfast  on  “  Common  Flow¬ 
ers  in  Rolation  to  Insects,”  Sir  JoUN  Lubbock 
Inquired  into  tlie  causes  of  flowers  closing  their 
petals  during  rain,  and  of  some  flowers  remain¬ 
ing  open  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  than 
others.  The  habit  of  closing  the  petals  during 
rain  is  obviously  an  ailvantage,  since  it  prevents 
tho  honey  being  spoiled  or  washed  away.  Every¬ 
body,  however,  must  have  observed  that  even  m 
fine  weather  certain  flowers  close  at  particular 
hoars.  This  habit  of  going  to  sloop  ia  surely 
very  carious.  Why  should  flowers  oo  so,  and 
why  should  sonie  flowers  clone  iit  the  approach 
of  night  and  others  not?  Moreover,  nowera 
keep  different  hours,  The  Daisy  opens  at  suii- 
nse  and  doses  at  sunset,  whence  its  name,  hays'- 
eyes  ;  the  D..udelion  opens  at  7  and  closes  at  6 
o'clock ;  Ear  llawkwixal  is  said  to  awalie  at  8  and 
go  to  sleep  at.  2  o’clock;  the  Bcarlot  I’imiieniel 
awakes  at  7  and  clones  Booriatkr  2  o'clock,  while 
Tropngon  pralcnsis  opens  at  4  in  the  morning 
and  cloBc.i  at  just  before  12  o’clock,  wlience  its 
Engll--<ii  name,  Johu-go-to-bod-al-noon.  Other 
flowers,  on  the  contrary,  open  In  tho  evening. 
Now.  it  i-s  obvious  that  flowers  which  are  fertil¬ 
ized  by  night-flying  liusocts  would  derive  no  ad¬ 
vantage  from  being  oj>eii  by  day  ;  nay,  it  would 
be  u  di.-sadvautage,  as  rendering  thorn  liahlo  (o 
lie  robhed  of  their  lionoy  and  pollen  hy  insects 
not  capable  of  fertilizing  tJieni.  Hence ‘the  lect¬ 
urer  believed  that  tho  wind  -  fertilized  flowers 
never  sleep,  and  that  some  of  those  flowers 
w  hich  attract  insects  by  smell  omit  tlieir  scent  at 
particular  hours. 
