the  Artichoke  waH  neglected  in  nearly  all  the 
northern  parts  of  Europe  and  America.  It  is 
still  used,  however,  for  pickles  and  cooking  (see 
Domestic  Department  of  the  IIcual  of  last  week). 
THE  IllUSTRATION 
on  our  first  page  shows  this  flower  of  natural 
size  and  a  largo  leaf  taken  from  the  main  stem, 
while  smaller  ones  of 
similar  fonn  ai'e  abun¬ 
dant  upon  the  many 
lateral  branches.  The 
small  bracts  or  minia¬ 
ture  loaves  are  utune- 
rouB  upon  the  flower¬ 
ing  branches,  as 
shown.  The  flowers 
are  yellow  and  similar 
to,  although  of  smaller 
size  than  those  of  the 
common  Sun  -  flower 
(^IleliantJtu.f  ijigank- 
us). 
VARIETIES. 
AVo  have  two  dis¬ 
tinct  varieties  of  the 
Jerusalem  Artichoke. 
The  first  is  a  loug,  | 
slender  tubcr,  often  | 
much  branohtd,  as  is ' 
sometimes  seen  ui  cer¬ 
tain  varieties  of  the  1 
Potato,  but  the  gen-  I 
eral  form  is  shown  in 
Figure  1.  'Iho  skin, 
when  the  tuboi's  are  ta¬ 
ken  from  the  ground, 
is  a  deep,  jjiirplish  red, 
the  flesh  white,  tondoi’ 
and  sweet.  The  stalks 
are  very  largo  and  of 
dark-brown  color  near 
the  ground,  but  greea 
above.  The  side 
branches  are  rcry 
abundant  and  large, 
the  foliage  afTordiiig  a 
great  amount  of  suc¬ 
culent  fodder  for  cat¬ 
tle.  For  w'ant  of  a 
better  name,  wo  will 
call  this  the  “  Long 
Fnrplo  Artichoke."  T 
the  “  Itoimd  White,’'  1 
grown,  arc  as  round 
to  devote  a  small  space  at  least  to  its  culture. 
Those  of  our  readers  who  may  reside  in  regions 
of  Cf<nuti7  where  long  and  severe  droughts  are 
likeiy  to  occur  very  fre<iueutly,  should  try  this 
jjlant  iW)  a  sort  of  insurance  against  scarcity  of 
food  foe  their  stock,  even  if  Uiey  do  not  value 
the  tnberS./or  tahlo  use.  Of  course  neither  of 
the  varieties  named  will  take  the  place  of  the 
common  Fotalo  for  culinary  j)nrposc8,  still,  in 
times  of  groat  Scarcity  of  tlie  latter,  they  may 
ho  used  for  making  many  a  wholesome  ai>d  deli¬ 
cious  dish,  as  they  both  wholesome  and  nu¬ 
tritious. 
If  any  of  onr  readers  sliould  desire  to  procure 
a  small  quantity  of  tlie  tnhors  of  either  of  the 
sorts  named,  we  would  refer  them  to  the  special 
offer  among  “Publisher's  Notices,”  on  another 
l>age  of  this  issue. 
making,  and  to  apply  the  deep  setting  of  milk  in 
cold  water  for  getting  the  cream.  This  was  an 
important  step  toward  progress  in  bnttei'-maldng. 
The  Swedes  and  Danes  were  the  first  among 
European  Nations  to  copy  the  American  idea  of 
butter  factories,  and  the  setting  of  milk  in  cold 
water,  but  Sweden,  with  her  scientists  under 
Itoyal  patronage,  was  not  content  simply  to  copy, 
and  to  Sweden  belongs  the  credit  of  first 
demonstrating  that  cream  will  rise  rapidly  and 
perfectly  when  the  milk  is  reduced  to  near  the 
freezing  point  of  water.  This  principle  hius 
been  a  surprise  to  tho  btxtter  dairymen  of 
America,  and  is  another  step  in  the  progress  of 
blitter  dairying. 
Mr.  IlAaniN  of  Kentucky,  is  entitled  to  credit 
for  a  modification  of  this  system  in  which  the  air 
is  cooled  m  refrigerator  boxes,  which  are  used 
for  setting  the  milk,  and  ho  claim.s  as  an  inijirovo- 
ment  tlie  covering  of  the  milk  and  the  exclusion 
of  air  while  the  cream  is  rising.  Tliero  can  bo 
no  doubt,  but  the  cold  theory  is  tho  true  ono  for 
making  butter.  It  arrosts  dccomjwsition  from 
the  start,  and  tho  flue  quality  of  butter  made 
under  tliis  plan  is  proof  of  its  merits.  Tlio 
heating  of  milk  and  then  cooling  it  to  obtain  Uio 
cream,  together  with  tlie  manufacture  of  the 
skimmed  milk  into  choose  is  of  ancient  origin. 
It  has  been  practiced  in  Devonshire,  England, 
for  more  tlian  a  century,  and  hence  no  claim 
can  be  made  of  its  being  an  American  idea. 
The  English  e.xijorimentors,  years  ago,  pro¬ 
nounced  it  inferior  to  other  methods  then  in 
common  nso,  both  as  to  (iiiantity  and  quality  of 
product. 
In  closing  the  claims  of  American  investigatoi  s 
I  must  add  two  more  names  to  the  list— that  of 
Dr.  Sturtevant  of  Massachusetts  who  has 
made  some  original  investigations  in  regard  to 
the  milk  globules  of  cows  of  differont  breeds ; 
while  Dr.  H.  A.  Mott  of  New  York  City,  has  re¬ 
cently  mmle  some  very  interesting  discorerieH 
in  comparing  tho  milk  of  different  races.  His 
SCIENCE  IN  THE  DAIRY, 
GRASSHOPPERS’  CONVENTION 
The  grasshoppers,  of  course,  held  their  vari¬ 
ous  conventions  earlier  in  the  season,  and  have 
long  since  adjowcned  for  the  winter,  but  the 
Governors  of  several  of  the  Western  Htatos  have, 
of  late,  nifi  Ui  council  to  cousider  this  subject  of 
grasshcviper  deprodalions,  and  to  devise  means 
and  ways  of  jirevonting  them  in  tlie  future.  A  full 
report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  convention 
has  not,  as  yet,  coiiiu  to  hand  ;  but,  from  the 
associaU-d  press  dispatches,  we  learn  tliat  a  com¬ 
mittee  of  three  was  apiioiuted  to  collect  and 
issue  in  pamphlet  form  all  the  more  jiractical 
moans  based  on  exjicriouco  for  the  dcstniction 
of  grasshoppers.  The  following  resolutions 
were  adopted  :  That  it  will  be  wise  and  politic 
for  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  and  Teririto- 
ries  most  deeply  iutorestud  to  enact  a  law  offer¬ 
ing  a  bounty  per  bushel  for  tho  collection  and 
doBtruction  of  eggs  and  unfledged  insects ;  that 
the  several  Jjegislatures  authorize  local  taxation 
for  tho  proposed  systomized  efforts  in  the  way 
of  ditching,  burning,  etc. 
also  to  suggest  the 
rejieal  of  tho  game  laws  or  a  modifleation  of 
them  BO  as  to  prevent  tho  destruction  of  the 
birds  which  feed  on  insects ;  tho  prevention  of 
prairie  fires  until  a  suitable  time  for  tho  destruc¬ 
tion  of  young  grasshoiiiiers  by  firing  the  grass. 
encouragCT.ont  of  tree  culture  for  tho  harboring 
of  birds  ;  roconiniouding  that  as  far  as  jiossible 
a  survey  be  made  of  each  State  during  tlie  com¬ 
ing  winter  to  ascertain  tlioso  portions  iii  each 
county  in  which  eggs  are  most  thickly  laid; 
furtlier,  that  tliey  deem  it  tho  duty  of  the  na¬ 
tional  government  to  make  some  i-tfbrt  tdd^rov 
I  or  countoraet  Uic  gi'cat  post  and  thus  prevent  its 
injuries;  rcioomniond  the  attachment  of  a  Him- 
cial  comniissioiier  to  one  of  the  government  sur¬ 
veys  sent  annually  to  tho  West,  and  that  !j<25,000 
bo  nppropi  ialcd  for  the  purpose  of  paying  Uie 
exiiensos  of  tl  10  commission.  Tho  president  of 
the  convention  was  requested  to  draw  up  and 
present  to  the  I’rcsidcnt  of  the  United  Stales  a 
leltor  setting  forth  tho  urgent  necessity  of  tho 
aotton  of  the  general  government  in  behalf  of 
the  sections  ravaged. 
The  Governors  of  Minnesota,  Illinois,  Iowa, 
Kansas,  Nebraska,  Alissoiui,  Colorado,  Wyom¬ 
ing,  Dakota  and  Idaho  were  retiucsted  to  trans¬ 
mit  to  tho  respective  delegations  a  record  of  tho 
proceedings  of  the  convention  and  request  them 
to  urge  on  Congress  siioedy  action  in  this  mat¬ 
ter.  It  is  ascertained  that  the  grasshoppers 
have  nut  done  tho  amount  of  damage  imagined, 
and  Uiat  they  can  be  encountered  and  exteriu- 
iuated  with  much  less  labor  aud  dillioulty  than 
heretofore  supposed.  Dy  united  and  concen¬ 
trated  efforts  at  tho  proper  time,  no  fears  need 
be  entertained  as  to  serious  results  the  coming 
i  no  l<:s.sou  which  our  danymen  are  learning 
to-day  i.s  that  there  is  a  difference  between 
speculative  theories  and  sound  practice.  We 
have  learned  the  reasons  for  many  daby  opera¬ 
tions,  and  thc.se  have  been  so  well  expounded 
from  time  to  time,  that  our  cheese  makers  have 
become  better  grounded  in  the  sciencQ  of  the 
dairy  and  are  more  inteUfgent  than  the  groat 
mass  of  practical  dairymen  in  Europe.  But 
there  are  some  things  concerning  the  care  and 
preservation  of  milk  that  may  bo  placed  to  our 
credit.  The  cooling  aud  aeration  of  milk  for  its 
better  flavor  aud  condition  arc  ours.  Mr.  Foster 
of  Oneida,  N.  Y.,  was  the  first  to  discover  that 
the  odor  of  piitrifyiug  animal  matter,  like  that 
of  a  dead  horse,  may  taint  the  milk  in  the  bag  by 
being  breathed  by  iho  cow  while  at  pasture. 
Tho  microscopical  investigations  of  Prof.  Law' 
of  Cornell,  were  the  first  to  show  how  vegetable 
erganisms  may  bo  tmnsmitted  to  tho  milk  from 
water  which  cows  driuk  to  slake  thirst.  Mr. 
Freem.as  of  Chenango  Co, 
of  grains  aud  roots ;  for  tho  latter,  it  w  ill  be 
seen,  contain  a  large  projiortion  of  water  in  then- 
composition,  but  from  Humorous  experimeuta  at 
the  manger,  the  roots  always  show  a  better  re¬ 
sult  than  their  aualyses  w'ould  seem  to  indicate. 
Livery  men  tell  us  that  horses  will  do  more 
work,  have  a  sleeker  coat  and  be  healthier  when 
carrots  are  fed  in  connection  with  oats ;  and  that 
3  bushels  of  oats  aud  one  of  carrots  are  bettor  in 
their  results  than  4  bushels  of  oats. 
Boots  assist  digestion  and  promote  a  more 
thorough  assimilation  of  other  foods.  They 
improve  the  health  of  stuck  in  winter  when  diy 
foods  are  the  chief  dependence,  and  as  the  im¬ 
proved  health  of  stock  is  an  iuiportant  element 
in  dairy  raauagomont,  tho  dairyman  will  find  it 
of  advantage  to  grow  roots  for  his  stock.  In 
New  York  tho  expense  of  growing  turnips  and 
mangolds  is  from  6  to  8c.  per  busliel.  They 
ought  to  bo  grown  much  cheaper  iii  Illinois,  be¬ 
cause  the  soil  is  easier  worked  aud  is  generally 
better  adapted  to  root  culture  than  most  of  the 
land  in  New  York.  Our  most  successful  dairy¬ 
men  are  of  the  opinion  that  it  jiays  well  to  raise 
roots  for  dairy  stock,  and  we  are  quite  certain 
it  will  pay  to  grow  them  in  Illinois,  even  at  the 
comparatively  low  price  named  for  com  and  bran . 
Roots  promote  a  flow  of  milk,  aud  as  a  spring 
ration  for  “  coivs  in  milk,’’  if  fed  in  connection 
with  com  meal  and  bran,  they  will  be  found  of 
very  great  advantage. 
Corn  meal,  when  fed  alone,  is  not  the  best 
kind  of  food  for  cow’S  in  milk.  It  is  of  a  too 
heating  nature,  and  when  fed  in  considerable 
quantities,  is  apt  to  derange  health,  inducing 
gorget  and  other  disorders.  Dah'y  stock  is 
often  very  much  injured  by  injudicious  feeding 
w’ith  this  kind  of  food.  If  a  Uberal  supply  of 
roots  is  used  in  connection  with  com  meal,  the 
was  the  first  to 
discover  tliat  other  fat  than  that  obtained  from 
the  milk  may  he  substituted  for  it  in  cheese. 
Thu  late  CiAJL  Burde.\’  of  White  Plains,  N.  Y.. 
was  the  first  to  show  how  milk  may  be  success¬ 
fully  eliminated  of  its  water,  or  condensed.  He 
was  an  original  thinker  and  investigator  whoso 
name,  next  to  Jesse  Wilijaxib',  will  go  dow’u  to 
posterity  as  the  inventor  of  the  grandest  im¬ 
provement  in  connection  with  the  daily  known 
in  any  ago  of  the  world.  Tho  preservation  of 
milk,  in  all  its  integrity  for  loug  periods,  before 
Mr.  Boriuik's  time,  bad  been  attempted  but 
without  success,  aud  emiuent  chemists  and 
scientists  had  pronounced  tho  condenaing  of 
milk  witli  its  cream  uiiseparated  an  impossibility. 
Mr.  BoRBEy  persevered— inventing  complicated 
machinery  euthely  original  for  the  purpose,  and 
at  last  his  efforts  were  crowned  with 
THAT  CORN  HORSE 
I.N  the  IIURAI.  of  the  4th  inst.,  on  page  297,  I 
notice  that  one  of  your  correspondents  stigma¬ 
tizes  tho  corn  horse  as  a  nuisance,  aud  reflects 
on  its  employers  in  the  remark  that  “  the  use  of 
it  may  amuse  boys  and  greeuborns,  but  cannot 
be  approved  by  men  of  sense. ’’  Now,  Mr.  Edit¬ 
or,  with  your  permission,  one  of  these  green¬ 
horns  purposes  to  give  his  experience  in  the  use 
of  this  convenient  implement.  For  fifteen  years 
I  have  used  ono  of  them  and  would  not  think  of 
having  my  corn  out  without  it.  My  shocks  al¬ 
ways  stand  up  steadier  than  if  set  round  a  hill, 
aud  experience  has  proved  that  in  cutting  fifty 
shocks  I  can  remove  the  com  horse  from  one  to 
another  in  as  short  a  time  as  your  coiTospondent 
Avould  take  to  tie  and  sot  up  his  initial  armfuls 
for  the  same  number  of  shocks.  I  also  t®ke  six 
rows ;  but  only  thirty-six  hills  for  a  shock— nine 
in  each  corner  of  the  horse.  Of  my  corn  this 
number  will  gouerally  average  a  bushel  per 
shock.  If  it  takes  tifty-fom-  hiUs  of  your  cerros- 
IKuideut’s  coru  to  yield  a  bushel,  his  crop  is  as 
poor  as  his  objections  to  the  corn  horse.  | 
Tyre,  Sussex  Co.,  N.  Y.  p, c.  ' 
success. 
Thousands  of  our  soldiers  during  the  rebel¬ 
lion,  thousands  upon  shipboard,  in  cities  and 
upon  tho  plains,  have  called  down  Llossings 
upon  this  man,  for  tho  benefaction  of  securing 
to  them  the  luxury  of  pure  mUk,  milk  which 
could  not  otherwise  be  had.  If  the  lives  of 
chUdi’en  saved  in  our  cities,  by  the  use  of 
BoKnEX's  milk,  be  taken  into  account,  we  shall 
scarcely  bo  able  to  estimate  the  value  of  his 
labors.  His  inventions  aud  processes  have  been 
carried  into  Eui'ope  and  he  is  recognized  in 
history  to-day  as  one  who  Las  done  an  important 
service  for  humanit}', 
Mr.  Slaughter  of  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  was  the 
first  to  adapt  the  associated  system  to  buttor- 
Fig.  2. 
The  illustrations  given  of  the  two  sorts  are 
from  medium-sized  tubers,  not  tlie  largest  or 
smallest,  as  grown  tliis  season  from  single  buds. 
We  think  that  a  plant  jiossessing  so  many 
merits  as  the  Jerusalem  Artichoke  should  not  be 
neglected,  aud  that  every  fanner  can  well  afford 
