mv.  25 
Jlorkuttural. 
PLANT  FEETILIZATION.  -  LOBELIA 
SYPHILITICA. 
The  way  in  which  plants  are  fertilized  is  at 
present,  more  Ilian  ever  before,  a  subject  of 
general  interest,  and  it  is  one  froio  which  every 
admirer  of  ilowers,  whether  a  botanist  or  not, 
may  derive  instruction.  Many  flowers  may  or 
do  fertilize  Ihomaelves.  Slany  depend  ujion  the 
wind  to  carry  the  pollen  from  the  male  to  the 
female.  Others  aro  wholly  dciiendent,  it  would 
seem,  upon  insects  for  their  fortiUzalion,  and 
among  this  last  class  we  propose  to  speak  of 
Uybeliag,  selecting  L.  ^yiMMca  for  illustration. 
This  is  the  blue  or  purple  Cardinal  I'lcwor  that 
appears  to  prefer  moist,  half-shady  places,  and 
may  bo  found  in  the  fresh  water  marshes  bor¬ 
dering  rivers  and  streamlets.  The  potal-liko 
filainonts  of  the  stamens,  though  seimrato  be¬ 
low,  aro  cohorcut  above,  and  with  their  anthers 
fonu  a  slender  tul.>o,  the  anthers  looking  inward. 
The  pistil  in  the  bud  is  quite  short,  lengthening 
as  the  bud  unfolds,  until  Anally  the  stigma  has 
made;  its  way  through  this  tube  for  the  distance, 
it  may  bo,  of  an  eighth  of  an  inch  or  more,  much 
the  same  as  if  one  should  push  his  finger  through 
the  finger  of  a  glove  with  the  end  cut  off,  the 
end  of  tlic  Auger  representing  the  stigma,  the 
rest  of  the  finger  the  style,  and  tlio  shoiiened 
glove-finger  the  tube  of  the  united  filaitients  and 
anthers.  Now,  the  anthers  mature  and  hurgt  at 
the  same  time,  or  a  little  lief  ore  the  stigma  of  tlae 
elongating  stylo  reaches  t.hojn,  filling  the  litUo, 
round  cavity  (the  sides  of  which  are  the  united 
anthers,  and  the  bottom  of  which  is  the  closely- 
fitting  stigmaj  will)  pollen.  The  elevation  of 
the  stigma  by  the  continued  growth  of  the  style 
presses  upon  tiiis  |)ollon,  causing  it  to  ooze  out 
at  the  top  of  the  Inho.  tlio  same  as  water  would 
issue  from  the  top  of  a  eyriugo  if  the  jiiston-rod 
were  vei'y  gently  pressed.  If  flour  could  be  suli- 
stituted  in  the  syringe  for  Nvatev.  the  analogy 
would  bo  closer.  It  would  ajipoar,  therefore, 
that  inasmuch  as  the  pollen  of  every  flower  rests 
upon  the  stigma  for  a  considerahlo  time  (from 
twelve  to  forty-eight  liours),  the  ovules  are  nec¬ 
essarily  impregnated  by  the  pollen  of  tlio  an¬ 
thers  of  the  same  flower.  Indeed,  if  our  obser¬ 
vations  were  to  cease  at  this  stage,  wo  could  ar¬ 
rive  at  no  other  conclusion. 
After  watcliing  the  flo  wois  of  Jjjbdia  ni/jihilltica 
as  long  as  onr  patience  could  be  coaxed  to  hold 
out  every  day  for  a  week  or  so,  and  not  seeing  a 
single  insect  upon  any  one  of  the  one  hxrndred 
flowers  before  us,  we  should  ourselves  have  con¬ 
cluded  that  they  must  bo  self-fortilizing,  were  it 
not  for  ttie  fact  that  the  stigmas, so  far  as  we  could 
judge,  were  never  rii)onod  or  fit  for  the  recep¬ 
tion  of  the  pollen  until  they  had  passed  through 
and  beyond  the  coherent  anthers.  In  a  noigh- 
horiug  field  and  along  the  banks  of  a  Uvely 
stream,  we  happened  one  day  upon  a  plantation 
of  this  J^bclia,  consisting  of  scores  of  plants  in 
every  stage  of  bloom,  and  hero  we  were  not 
obliged  to  wait  long  for  a  full  understanding  of 
•what  we  h.ad  wasted  many  hours  over  hi  om’  own 
garden. 
Let  ns  now  note  tliat  the  corolla  consists  of 
two  bps,  the  posterior  (uprov)  haring  two  erect 
lobes,  tlio  lower  reem-ved  and  more  spreatling. 
As  soon  as  the  pollen  bursts  tho  cells  of  the 
anthers,  tlie  pistil  begins  to  recurve  toward  the 
lower  lip,  somewhat  as  a  fish-hook  is  curved, 
though  less,  so  that  tho  top  of  tho  stamen  tube 
almost  rests  upon  tho  lower  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
It  is  just  here  that  a  boo  or  other  insect  would 
natiu'ally  light  in  order  to  proenre  tlie  honey  se¬ 
cretions  wiUiin. 
A  big  bumhlo-bee  was  the  iirst  visitor,  and  in¬ 
deed  tlio  only  one  whoso  behavior  wo  need  re¬ 
cord.  Forcing  Ids  head  and  thorax  beneath  the 
crooked  end  of  tho  atanfinatc  tube  or  pustil,  if 
the  latter  had  yet  sufliciontly  iirotruded,  and  be¬ 
tween  it  and  tho  lower  lip  of  tho  euroUa,  the  tip 
of  the  tube  or  stigma,  as  may  he,  jiressing  upon 
the  middle  of  the  thorax  would  part  the  hairs  to 
tho  right  and  left  the  same  as  tho  hair  of  one’s 
head  is  iiai  tod  with  a  comb. 
When  the  bco  selected  Ilowers  in  th.at  stage 
in  which  tho  pollen  was  being  forced  ont  of  the 
tube,  there  was  always  a  quantity  on  the  outside 
cohoriug  to  that  within.  This,  of  course,  would 
necessarily  be  deposited  upon  the  thorax  of  tlie 
bee  as  lie  entered  tho  ttower,  and,  from  its  lUffor- 
ent  color,  marked  the  "  pan”  so  distinctly  ihat 
it  could  he  seen  half-a-dozen  feet  away.  When 
tho  bee,  withdrawing  from  this  fiower,  visit¬ 
ed  another,  it  was  as  likely  as  not  to  happen 
that  all  of  Uio  pollen  liad  been  forced  tJu’ough 
and  out,  and  that  the  pistil,  maturing  aflerwaid 
and  having  made  its  way  tlu-ough  tho  tube,  was 
ready  to  receive  the  pollen  which  M'.as  to  ci'ocp 
down  the  style  and  to  pei’form  its  part  iu  the 
creation  of  embryos  iu  the  oniles  of  the  ovary. 
This  pollen  was  abundantly  i-upplied  to  the 
ripened  stigma  by  tho  “part”  of  the  thorax  of 
the  bumble-bee. 
The  stigma,  before  maturity  and  while— from 
the  growth  of  tho  style— it  is  slowly  making  its 
way  through  the  tube  of  stamens,  is  surrounded 
with  a  fringe  of  short  hairs.  After  tho  stigma 
has  made  its  way  through,  it  Ixjgins  to  swell  and 
ripen.  Two  convex  lobes  arc  developed,  and  the 
fringe  of  hairs  is  now  covered  by  these  lobes  and 
may  he  secu  underneath.  JIiul  the  stigma  ma¬ 
tured  wliilo  still  within  the  tube,  its  inci-oasing 
size  would  have  split  tho  anther  tuljo,  and  thus 
no  cross-fertilization  could  ocenr,  since  tho  stig¬ 
mas,  ripened  within  the  tube,  could  aloTio  come 
in  contact  with  pollen  of  tlio  same  fiower.  Tho 
fringe  of  short  hairs,  it  may  bo  supposed,  acts  to 
rid  the  anthers  of  overj  grain  of  pollen,  for, 
though  we  divided  lengthwise  in  two  perhaps 
twenty  tubes  after  tlie  stigmas  had  passed 
through  them,  not  a  grain  of  pollen  was  visible. 
In  several  instances,  tho  stigma  was  caught  or 
held  in  the  anther  tube.  The  style,  continuing 
to  grow,  thrust  itself  between  and  outside  of  tbe 
11  laments,  whore  tlio  latter  wore  not  united,  in 
tho  sliape  of  a  bow.  One  of  tliese  which  wo 
marked  did  not  perfect  seeds,  which,  so  far  as  it 
goes,  is  eridcuco  citlicr  that  tho  stigma  did  not 
mature  when  tlins  confined,  or  that  tho  pollen  is 
not  potent  upon  tho  stigma  of  the  same  llowor. 
-  .♦♦♦ - 
TUBEROSE  CULTURE  IN  GEORGIA. 
I  SEE  Jin  in\  itation,  in  tho  last  number  of  the 
lltmAJO.  to  “  Kuj  al  Floriculturists  "  to  wiito  about 
some  favorite  plant  with  which  they  have  hod 
pleasant  experience  and  success  during  tho  sea¬ 
son  just  past.  Now,  I  tlfiuk  this  a  grand  idea, 
and  I  hope  that  all  tho  old  and  young  male  and 
female  Ruralists  will  avail  thomsclvos  of  this 
broad  invitation.  For  myself,  I  have  so  many 
pets  hi  the  Horal  family,  I  am  at  a  loss  about 
wliich  one  to  begin  tny  gossip.  I’erliajia  my 
Tuberoses  will  interest  as  many  of  the  lovers  of 
Ilowers  as  any  otlier  plant  that  comes  under  the 
care  of  any  of  the  Runai.  family. 
Early  iu  the  year,  in  a  January  number  of  tho 
lluHAL,  onr  much-admired  friend,  “  Daily  Rural 
Life,”  oalJcri  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  tho 
Bonthern  Slates  was  the  best  climate  for  tho 
Biicccssful  cnltivatiou  of  Tuberose  bulbs  and 
asked  Bouthorii  llui-alists  to  try  Uio  experiment, 
as  the  continued  length  of  our  summer  seasoiiH 
would  give  longer  time  for  the  full  growth  and 
development  of  their  (lowering  quaUtics.  Hav¬ 
ing  followed  a  groat  many  of  tlie  suggestions 
thrown  ont  by  that  able  and  sometimes  caustic 
writer,  and  finding  them  always  practical  and 
successful,  1  concluded  to  try  this  one,  ulftl  ac¬ 
cordingly  laid  off  one-qnarlcr  of  an  acre  in  one 
corner  of  my  grounds,  whore  the  soil  was  a  stiff 
olay,  made  light  and  friable  by  tho  ailditiou  of 
wcll-roitod  manure,  and  where  tlicre  was  a 
bright,  sunny  exposure  facing  tho  oast.  I 
had  the  soil  siiadCHl  u]i  about  twelve  inches 
deep,  well  pulverized,  aud  laid  off  in  rows 
about  eighteen  inches  apart  and  about  four 
inches  deep.  It  was  then  ready  for  plant¬ 
ing.  I  had  taken  u)}  my  Tuberoses  last  ■winter 
aud  stored  them  under  tho  bench  of  my  green¬ 
house,  whore  they  kept  very  well.  I  took  them 
out  aud  pulled  off  all  tho  litUo  offsets  and  hulb- 
lets,  until  I  had  entirely  stripped  the  main  bulb 
of  all  its  iucumbraueoR.  I  then  had  three  elasses 
of  bulbs  ready  for  planting— tho  main  or  center 
bulbs  being  large  enough  to  bloom  this  season ; 
the  second  size  being  such  as  would  make  lino, 
large  bulbs  for  flowering  the  next  season,  and 
tbe  thud  size  being  very  small,  some  not  much 
larger  than  large  grains  of  corn,  and  which  would 
lake  two  years  to  bring  them  into  fiowcriiig 
bulbs. 
I  planted  the  large  size  fii'st,  about  four  inches 
deep,  and  covered  thorn  tii-mly  in  tho  soil ;  the 
second  size  about  throe  inches  deep,  and  the 
third  size  aljout  one  aud  a-half  inches  deep. 
The  planting  was  done  on  tho  10th  of  April, 
which  is  about  tire  time  wo  commence  to  plant 
cotton  in  this  climate.  I  cultivated  thorn  as  I 
worfid  onions,  with  hoe  aud  rake.  About  the 
10th  of  August  the  large-sized  bulbs  wore  in  full 
bloom,  aud  had  the  largest  and  most  thrifty- 
looking  flo  wet-stalks  1  over  saw.  Tho  second 
size  grew  well,  but  have  not  bloomed.  A  few, 
however,  have  started  flower-stalks,  and  I  have 
had  them  tukon  np  and  potted  for  wintor-fiowor- 
ing  in  the  greenhouse.  The  smallest  size  have 
grown  vigoronaly,  and  now  look  as  if  they  would 
make  good  flowering  bulbs  for  another  year. 
We  have  not  yet  had  sufficient  frost  to  kill  the 
tops  down  to  the  ground ;  I  have  not  yot,  there¬ 
fore,  taken  them  ujj  to  sec,  but  think  1  will  have 
enough  Tuberoses  to  plant  all  my  ground  next 
year'  aud  also  have  a  few  to  spare  for  those  who 
have  not  succeeded  so  well. 
I  think  that  your  idea  of  tho  South  being  tho 
most  suitable  place  for  tho  cultivation  of  Tube¬ 
rose  bulbs  is  fully  verified  in  my  experience  this 
year.  I  would  he  glad  to  hear  from  any  others 
who  may  have  caught  tlie  same  idea  last  spring 
and  ti'ied  to  carry  it  out.  J-  o.  k. 
Griffin,  Ga. 
- - - 
MISCELLANEA. 
Let  me  give  the  Rural  readers,  who  chance 
not  to  be  possessed  of  it  already,  a  little  informa¬ 
tion  that  I  obtained  some  years  ago;  and  if 
plants  happen  to  he  scarce,  as  was  tho  case  with 
me,  it  may  prove  convenient  to  put  it  in  prac¬ 
tice.  When  at  tho  end  of  summer  you  are  cut¬ 
ting  down  ymu'  Hnap-dragons,  save  tho  trim- 
niiugs  aud  pot  them  singly  in  small  pots ;  keep 
them  away  from  tlje  frost  and  do  not  allow  the 
soil  to  get  dry.  Wben  warm  weather  again 
comes  yon  will  find  them  all  rooted  and  growing 
nicely.  They  will  not  make  large  plants,  hut  they 
will  blossom  heantifully  all  summer,  and,  when 
sot  pretty  closely  together  iu  a  bed,  are  quite 
satisfactoiy-looking,  I  think.  m.  w. 
I’aquonoc  Bridge. 
(fiitomoloflinil, 
ENEMIES  OF  THE  HICKORY. 
Few  persons  who  have  never  had  occasion  to 
study  that  branch  of  Entomology  known  as 
“  Coleoptorology  ”  would  imagine  tliatour  com¬ 
mon  Hickories  are  infested  by  at  least  a  score 
of  insect  enemies,  tho  most  destmetivo  of  which 
belong  to  the  order  of  Colooidora,  or  what  are 
more  generally  termed  Beetles. 
Hickories,  as  seen  in  the  forests,  aro  quite 
healthy  and  apparently  free  from  iusect  depre¬ 
dators*  still  the  entomologist  can  nsnally  find 
evidence  of  the  presenoe  of  enemies,  oven  whore 
tlio  ti’ocs  appear  to  the  inoxiierieuced  eye  to  bo 
most  vigoruns  and  healthy.  Many  a  branch  or 
twig  will  be  found  completely  girdled  and  dead, 
and  this  marks  tho  presence  of  what  is  known  as 
the  Twig-girdler  (Gm-iU'J'cs  coj'/u/uhta— Bay),  a 
very  pretty  “  long-horn  "  beetle,  nearly  an  inch 
in  length  and  of  a  grayish  color,  with  a  broad, 
brownish  btuid  across  tlio  anterior  portion  of  the 
wing-covcrs,  technically  termed  the  '“elytra.” 
Tho  female  hootlos  only  girdle  the  twigs  of  the 
ti'oes,  and  they  do  not  confine  their  dejuedations 
to  tho  Hickories,  but  freqmmtly  invade  Apple- 
orchards,  doing  considerable  damage  by  causing 
the  deatJi  of  many  a  bi-onoh  which  the  orohard- 
isl  can  ill  afford  to  spare.  In  girdling  a  branch 
this  beetle  cuts  a  narrow  groove  entirely  around 
it,  through  tlie  hark  and  into  tiio  softer  outeT 
layers  of  wood,  thus  preventing  any  further  cir¬ 
culation  of  the  sap,  aud  all  above  tho  incision 
soon  dies. 
For  a  long  time  after  this  insect  was  known  to 
entomologists  tho  object  of  thegh  dling  remained 
a  mystery,  hut  at  last  it  was  discovered  that  be¬ 
fore  tho  female  makes  tho  incision,  or  during 
tlio  timo  she  may  rest  from  her  labors  while 
lierforming  the  operation,  slie  deposits  several 
eggs  upon  tho  hark  above.  These  eggs  hatcli, 
and  tho  young  grubs  immediately  penetrate  into 
tho  center  of  the  twig.  It  apiiears  from  this 
that  instinct  teaches  the  female  beetle  that  tho 
young  grubs  require  soft,  green  bark  and  wood 
during  tho  early  stages  of  their  existence  and 
hard  aud  ihy  wood  wlion  they  hecoino  older, 
oousoqueutly  tho  eggs  aro  laid  upon  the  green 
branches  during  the  mouth  of  August,  and  she 
then  proceeds  to  ginllo  tho  twig  hi  order  to  fur¬ 
nish  her  progeny  witli  dead  wood  in  September 
and  tho  months  following.  Many  of  these  gird¬ 
led  twigs  are  broken  off  by  tho  wtods  of  autumn, 
especially  whore  tho  trees  arc  much  exposed; 
but  this  seklom  occurs  with  tioes  iu  the  woods. 
Heucu  we  must  conclude  that  the  breaking  and 
fallhig  of  twigs  aro  more  in  the  nature  of  an  acci¬ 
dent  than  by  design  on  tho  part  of  this  bisect,  as 
has  boon  claimed  by  Borao  writers. 
Tho  depredations  of  this  beetle  amount  to  but 
Uttle,  however,  while  it  coniines  itself  to  the 
largo  Hickory  or  other  trees  in  tho  forostB,  for 
tho  loBB  of  a  few  tenninal  twigs  of  tho  Bide 
branches  is  of  small  account,  hut  when  those  in¬ 
sects  ai'O  abinidaut  in  tho  Apple-orchards  and 
when  they  attack  Uie  terminal  shoots  of  young 
Hickories  in  the  nurseries  or  on  plantations 
whore  they  are  cultivated  for  hoop-polos,  it  be¬ 
comes  a  matter  of  conBidor.able  importance. 
The  best  method  wo  know  of  for  chocking  the 
multiplication  of  this  iusoct  is  to  gather,  during 
tho  faU  and  whiter,  all  the  girdled  and  dead 
twigs  cuntaiiiing  the  lai'vre  aud  lim’n  them,  with 
their  contents. 
Another  post  of  tho  Hickory,  and  belonging  to 
tho  same  order  aud  family  as  the  Twig-gurdlcr, 
is  the  Pointed  Clytus  (CV//kw  Ducuv). 
This  heantiful  beetle  very  cloHoly  resembles  the 
common  Loonst-troc  borer  (G.  robinld),  but  it 
appears  in  early  spring,  while  the  latter  iB  found 
only  late  in  summer  or  in  o!U-ly  autumn.  This 
Hickory  borer  prefers  halt-dead  trees  to  thoBO 
which  are  growing  vigorously,  and  a  Hiekorj- 
wood-pile  is  its  delight,  especially  one  made 
from  hve  trees  the  previous  winter. 
We  have  seen  cords  of  Hickory  completely 
honey-combod  by  the  larv®  of  this  beetle  in  a 
few  mouthB,  thereby  greatly  lessening  the  value 
of  the  wood.  If  asked  bow  best  to  check  the 
increase  of  this  iusoct,  we  Bhould  be  at  a  loss  to 
Euggest  a  preventive  beyond  that  of  encouraging 
the  presence  of  insectivorous  birds  of  largo  size, 
especially  tho  Woodpecker  and  the  Crow. 
Destructive  as  are  the  two  species  of  beetle 
we  have  mentioned,  there  is  another  which  bids 
fair  to  become  the  chief  among  the  foes  of  the 
Hickories  in  general,  for  it  attacks  all  the  species 
.alike,  not  sparing  cither  old  or  young.  Wo  re¬ 
fer  to  tho  Four-spincal  Scolvtus  (N.  l-.s-p/no.-uis 
of  Bay).  This  ie  a  very  small  hcotlo,  Ichh  than  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long  and  alxmt  one-8ixteonth 
of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  males  liavo  four 
minute  spines  on  the  posterior  joints  of  the  ab¬ 
domen.  Hcnco  the  name,  f-.s/e'no.ws.  These 
boetloB  bore  through  tho  bark  of  the  trees, 
making  a  very  small  hole,  scarcely  observable  to 
a  person  not  aconstomed  to  looking  for  euch 
enemies;  hnt  when  once  inside  Gie  hark,  tho 
work  of  dcBtruction  performed  by  this  insect 
goes  on  quite  rapidly.  Tho  female  makes  a 
shallow,  perpendicular  cavity,  half  its  depth  in 
the  soft  wood  and  the  other  half  iu  tho  inner 
hark,  and  altogether  about  one  inch  in  length, 
.\long  each  side  of  this  burrow  she  deposits  her 
eggs,  about  as  near  together  as  tliey  can  bo 
oonvonioutly  placed.  Ho  soon  as  the  eggs  hatch, 
tho  young  grubs  move  outward  at  right  angles 
from  the  central  burrow,  feeding  upon  the  soft, 
alburnons  matter  between  the  hark  and  wood, 
thereby  cutting  off  tho  downward  flow  of  sap  and, 
when  numerous  enough,  as  effectually  girdling 
tho  tree  as  our  Twig-girdler  iloes  tlio  smallest 
branch. 
Not  long  since  wo  cut  down  a  Hickory  which 
was  infested  by  this  pest,  aud  we  can  say  without 
exaggeration  that  there  were  millions  of  these 
grulis  under  tho  baric,  Of  course  it  would  be 
next  to  an  impossibility  to  apply  any  preventive 
to  Uie  bark  of  large  trees,  and  perhaps  not  at 
all  practicable  to  do  so  to  small  oncB,  conse¬ 
quently  wo  must  look  to  the  birds  for  relief  from 
this  pest,  which  is  tioeomiog  so  fearfully  abun- 
daiidaut  all  through  the  Northora  States  that 
HioKory  groves,  situated  at  some  distance  from 
large  forests,  aud  where  birds  are  not  plentiful 
are  in  great  danger  of  being  destroyed  by  this 
minute  pest. 
- - - - 
THE  PINE  SAW-FLY. 
Evekorek.v  trees  are  usually  quite  free  from 
insect  depredators,  especially  when  the  trees  are 
young  and  growing  in  nurseries  or  ornamental 
grounds.  OeeaHioually,  liowover,  insect  posts 
appear,  aud  if  they  arc  not  vigorously  assailed 
they  will  do  an  immense  amount  of  iujiuyina 
very  brief  period  of  time. 
Tho  Pines  are  especially  liable  to  the  attacks 
of  several  species  of  the  Saw-fly,  and  so  rapidly 
do  they  ^’ork  that  a  few  days  w  iU  suffice  to  de¬ 
nude  a  largo  tree  of  its  foliage.  One  of  the 
most  common  of  tlieso  Haw-Hios  is  tho  Jjopliyms 
Leacu,  and  it  seems  to  prefer  tho  largo 
aud  coarso-loaved  kinds,  such  as  tho  Austrian 
and  I’itch  Pines,  to  the  White  and  other  more 
dolioale  species. 
The  flics  are  about  half  an  inch  long,  tho  male 
a  jot  black  and  the  female  a  honey  yellow,  with 
pale  yellow  legs.  They  appear  in  Juno  and  de¬ 
posit  their  eggs  upon  tho  leaves  of  the  trees 
which  aro  to  furnish  tho  liuwie  with  food.  The 
grubs,  when  fully  grown,  aro  nearly  an  inch 
long  and  of  a  du’ty  yellow  color,  ornamented 
with  numerous  black  marks  along  the  sides. 
They  aro  quite  social  iu  tlioir  liabits,  crowding 
together  upon  the  branches  and  f airly  covering 
tho  leaves  while  feeding.  When  once  they  at¬ 
tack  a  branch,  they  do  not  leave  it  mitil  every 
loaf  is  devoured,  and  then  they  pass  on  to  the 
next. 
Our  entomological  authorities  state  that  there 
is  hut  a  single  brood  of  this  insect  hi  a  season. 
If  this  is  ti  ne,  tlien  it  is  one  of  tho  longest-lived 
of  our  loaf-eating  pests,  for  wc  have  had  them 
with  us  from  Juno  until  late  iu  November.  It 
is  one  of  the  few  larviu  which  seem  to  be  indif¬ 
ferent  to  either  heat  or  cold. 
We  have  already  had  some  pretty  hard  frosts 
np  to  this  date,  Nov.  14,  aud  yot  a  neighbor  has 
juHt  brought  us  some  of  these  grubs  taken  from 
his  Pine  trees.  For  several  years  past  avo  have 
noticed  that  these  Baw-fly  laivrc  remained  upon 
tho  trees  till  very  late  in  tho  fall,  aud  that  it  re- 
quu'ed  a  hard  freeze  to  make  them  leave  off 
feeding  and  descend  to  the  earth,  where  they 
spin  their  cocoons  among  the  old  leaves  aud 
other  vegetable  matter. 
The  cocoons  are  about  throe-eighths  of  an 
inch  long  aud  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
aud  when  first  completed  are  of  a  pure,  silky, 
white  color,  but  soon  become  bronze,  or  brown¬ 
ish,  by  exposure.  We  have  some  cocoons  be¬ 
fore  ns  now  that  wore  spun  by  worms  which 
were  kept  for  a  few  days  in  a  box.  They  are  of 
a  snow-white  color  and  do  not  sliow  any  indica¬ 
tion  of  changmg  to  the  color  of  tliose  which  we 
have  frequently  gatiierod  from  under  Evcrgi’cen 
U'ces. 
These  grubs,  when  found  ujion  the  trees,  can 
be  readily  destroyed  by  applications  of  whale-oil, 
soap,  tobacco  water,  or  by  dustiiig  witli  caustic 
lime  when  tho  tines  are  wot  witli  dew  or  ram. 
If  their  destruotiouis  neglected  ouc  season,  they 
are  pretty  certain  to  become  very  uiimorous  and 
ti'oublesome  the  next. 
J 
f 
