loxera.  IIo  has  found  in  all  American  stocks  a 
rosinoid  principle.  It  exists  also  in  French 
stocks,  but  in  (luantity  a  half  loss  than  in  the 
resistant  Anicrit^an  shicks,  and  a  third  less  than 
in  the  non-resistant.  IIo  accounts  for  the  re¬ 
sistance  by  the  prosonco  of  this  prinoipie  in  a 
proportion  not  under  8  per  cent,  in  the  onliro 
root,  and  It  to  13  percent,  in  the  bark  alone. 
The  piinctnra  mode  by  the  itisoot.  wbile  causing 
nodosities  on  the  root,  is  cicatrized  by  exudation 
of  tlie  resinous  produce,  atid  this  provonts  loss 
of  tbo  nutritious  juices  of  Ibo  plant.  No  sucli 
cicatrization  occurs  in  the  non-resi.stant  stoolis, 
the  resinous  matter  not  being  almndant  onough. 
Perhaps  the  malic  acid  in  the  roots  of  American 
Vines  also  contributes  to  tlieir  rosi  hnuie.  Tlio 
extract  is  from  a  communication  made  to  th 
Academy  of  Sciences,  I’aris. 
send  to  Europe,  it  is  worth  while  endeavoring  to 
supply  them,  especially  as  they  arc  seldom  found 
on  nursery  catalogues. 
We  packed  and  forwarded  to  Germany  this 
fall  a  lot  of  nearly  200  ITiokory  trees,  hut  being 
procured  from  the  Indian  woods,  their  roots 
wore  large  and  required  a  groat  deal  of  room, 
making  the  shippuig  exponsivo  and  their  success 
symmetry.  Thus  managed,  it  is  a  valuable,  in- 
torosting  variety,  notwithstanding  the  fact  tliat 
many  esleom  it  worthless,  except  when  grafted 
high,  forgetful  that  pruning  is  alike  necessary 
for  permanent  beauty,  to  the  tall  standard  and 
tho  lower  bush. 
The  Variegated-Leaved  Willow  (Snlix  raprm- 
iiicolor')  is  a  variety  of  the  well-known  Goat 
and  breeding  of  sheep  is  one  of  the.raost  profita¬ 
ble  and  pleasant  branches  of  husbandry.  Sheep 
are  docile,  easily  handled,  requiring  hut  low 
fences,  wUl  live  on  shorter  feed  tlian  other  8tr>ok, 
wll  procure  a  living  on  pasture  early  in  Spring 
and  late  in  Fall.  If  wo  wish  to  consider  whether 
we  shall  raise  mutton  or  wool,  wc  must  adapt 
the  kind  to  the  demand  and  location.  For  mut¬ 
ton.  the  improved  EngUsb  varieties  are  without 
a  superior.  If  for  wool,  the  Merino  and  their 
crosses  have  no  competitor :  they  aro  staple  and 
standard  stock. 
Wool  has  a  vast  and  more  universal  consump¬ 
tion  than  mutton,  because  it  is  a  pi  ime  necessity 
of  life  to  every  man,  woman  and  child  ontsidc  of 
the  tropical  zone. 
Tlie  Merino  endures  the  vicisaitudes  and  ex¬ 
tremes  of  weather  better  than  other  sheep  that 
approximate  to  it  In  value;  its  range  extends 
throughout  the  tomperato  zone ;  i^ii  tho  moun¬ 
tain  and  in  the  valley  it  thrives  alike.  Now,  a.s 
we  sheep  l)ree<.Iers  are  considered  among  this 
vast  number  of  human  beings  populating  this 
vast  country,  and  by  ocenpation  classed  as  ag¬ 
riculturists,  and  as  thi.s  Is  tho  Cenlonnial  year,  it 
bobooves  iiH  to  use  our  utmost  endeavors  to  place 
on  record  in  history  a  wortliy  example  luid  name 
for  future  generations.  Our  ocenpation  is  as 
important  and  useful  as  any  branch  of  Imsiuess 
in  our  land.  Wo  can  consider  ourselves  produ¬ 
cers  ( as  well  as  consumers.) 
This  Merino  Sheep  breeders'  register  i.s  an  im¬ 
portant  end  to  be  obl.atned,  and  we  must  not 
half  way  do  the  alTatr,  but  so  frame  it  that  it 
will  bo  wurlhy  the  pages  of  history,  that  it  will 
bo  perused  by  future  generations  with  interest 
and  instruction.  There  is  no  reason  why  Illinois 
and  Wisconsin  should  not  go  hand  in  hand  in 
this  matter.  Let  those  two  States  bo  to  the 
West  and  Southwest  what  Vermont  has  been  to 
our  States.  We  liavo  not  only  brooders  qualified 
and  as  interested  as  old  Vermont  bad,  but  we 
have  got  tlio  sheep,  and  biisinos.-i  is  stamped  on 
every  brooder’s  brow. 
As  to  tlio  best  mode  of  reaching  the  llockmas- 
ters  of  those  vast  plains  of  the  great  West,  it  is 
in  my  mind  through  our  organizations,  such  as 
you  are  honored  witli  In  Illinois,  and  I  am  glad 
to  say  that  we  liave  miLdc  a  slight  inovu  in  that 
direction  in  Wisconsin.  They  will  hoar  of  onr 
doings  and  see  our  records,  and  it  bolioovos  the 
breeder  to  licep  tho  ball  running.  It  matters 
not  how  prices  may  run,  high  or  low,  onr  brood¬ 
ing  must  receive  the  most  careful  attention,  that 
we  may  koei)  up  with  tlio  improvoraents  of  tho 
age.  So  when  one  huiulrod  years  more  roll 
around  onr  record  will  etpial,  if  not  surpass,  any 
record  of  oilier  occupations. 
Improvement  in  breeding  sheep  has  reached  a 
high  standiiid  sincu  but  if  this  business 
keeps  pace  with  the  times,  what  can  wo  look  for 
or  expect  one  hnndreil  yours  from  now  ?  What 
little  time  we  have  to  use  let  brain  power  work 
to  produce  tho  greatest  amount  of  good,  clean 
wool  from  an  individual  sheep. 
f  I|f  gkjiittiiira 
FACTS  AND  FANCIES  FROM  THE  ROCKY 
MOUNTAINS. 
J.  E.  .Toun'SON  writes  to  the  Boe-Keopors’ 
Magazine,  from  I'tah,  giving  some  hints  in 
regard  to  hcfi-lo!0(iing  wbioh  may  ho  of  value  to 
onr  readers  residing  in  those  regions  and  prolja- 
bly  olsowhore. 
Much  has  been  said,  and  so  long  as  our  race 
exists,  and  boos  make  honey,  mnok  will  lie  said 
in  regard  to  the  management  and  habits  of  bees, 
for  "knowledge  will  increase,"  and  man  bo 
learning  something  constantly  and  soeking  out 
and  inventing  now  modes  aiul  ways,  and  often 
tho  new  oxporioncos  show  new  modes  bettor 
than  those  before  practiced,  gome  years  ago 
when  boos  wore  worth  iSlOO  per  colony  hero,  I 
obtained  one  bivo  and  began  my  schooling  as  an 
ajiiarian,  and  to  look  back  now,  my  coiirso 
seems  to  bavo  been  very  foolish  and  I  often 
wonder  hew  I  could  have  been  ao  silly.  Although 
from  tliat  one  colony  I  have,  In  eight  years, 
made  over  four  iiuiidred,  ha<]  I  a<ited  wisely  I 
might  just  as  well  liave  made  one  thousand. 
My  groat  anxiety  to  Inoroase  my  ajuary  led  mo 
to  multiply  by  divislou  so  much  Uiat  my  colonies 
wore  nearly  all  weak  ;  coiisoipiently  they  fell 
victims  Ui  moth,  robbers,  and  starvation,  and  on 
an  average  1  would  annually  lose  half  of  tho 
whole  number  every  winUu’.  Time  aud  experi¬ 
ence  liave  brought  their  wisdom,  and  now  I  would 
not  think  of  taking  either  Vioney  or  brood  from 
any  but  full  hives,  the  result  being  little  or  no 
less. 
1  am  often  asked  the  luist  preventive  to  moths, 
and  tho  answer  is  simple  aud  short ;  keep  your 
colonies  strong,  and  plenty  of  stores.  If  tlio 
colony  is  numerous  and  strong,  it  will  effectually 
resist  tho  oacroachmeuts  of  the  moth  as  well  as 
tliat  of  the  boo  robbers,  and  if  tho  colony  has 
large  supplies  theie  is  no  danger  of  starving, 
freezing  or  being  weak  in  spring  when  tho 
llowors  come  ami  tho  apiarian  desires  a  strong 
force  of  workers. 
Tho  key  of  success  in  boo-keoping  is  in  keeping 
your  colonics  strong  and  giving  tiiom  iilenty  of 
forage  flowcss  to  work  on.  In  an  experience  of 
eight  years  I  liavo  found  nothing  siqKuior  to 
Mignonette,  for  bees  to  work  on,  either  for 
(pmntity  or  quality  of  honey.  I  boliovo  that  one 
acre  of  this  plant  will  employ  more  tlian  one 
hundred  colonies  of  boos  most  amply.  'J'lio 
Melilot  clover  and  groat  American  bcc  plant 
come  next  as  honey  plants,  ami  for  late  forage 
tho  LynoHyruH  (Jramckns  is  superior  to  any¬ 
thing  here,  aud  grows  in  abundance  in  most 
waste  places.  A  beautiful  amber  honey  and 
comb  is  made  from  this  plant,  for  nearly  two 
months.  Tho  AUjeroha  tjUind.uloaa  or  Mezquit 
is  a  great  bloomer  and  is  heavily  w’orked  by  tho 
liees  for  both  jxdlen  and  honey,  but  this  lasts 
only  about  a  month,  though  it  frequently  blooms 
twice  In  the  season. 
To  moxporiencecl  bee-keepers  I  will  hero  drop 
a  hint  that  may  be  of  some  value,  aud  save  tho 
lack  of  many  a  queen  if  tho  suggestions  aro 
heeded.  In  making  a  new  colony,  or  to  supply 
a  quoeulosH  hive,  ahnayit  bo  sure  to  take  with 
tho  frame  of  eggs  pU^nl;/  of  youny  hws,  never 
Jess  than  a  pint,  a  quoi’t  is  much  safer,  unless 
tliere  is  iilenly  of  young  boos  you  will  never 
find  a  queen  iiioile  the  old  bees  never  perfect 
queen  cells— the  young  give  thorn  frosli  eggs 
every  week  in  t)ic  season.  Remember  that  tho 
young  bees  aro  the  wax  workers,  while  tho  old 
bring  auppIicH. 
As  winter  now  approaches  look  tbrongh  your 
hives  aud  see  that  there  are  no  empty  frames 
tho  brood  nest,  but  if  tliore  is  to  bo  a 
.3— COLKUS,  Hicn  IVt A.)  KSTY.-(Soo  lir«t  pane.) 
doubtful.  If  the  Rurai,  knows  any  safer,  siurer 
plan,  wo  shall  bo  happy  to  learn. 
Annie  L.  Jack. 
Willow,  used  as  a  stock  for  tho  Weeping  Kilmar¬ 
nock.  It  is  a  good  grower,  healthy  and  graceful, 
and  its  finely-varlogated  loaves  waving  in  tho 
hree/.o,  lend  a  pleasing  diversity  to  the  hedge  or 
group.  411  Llireo  nienlioned  varieties  should  oc¬ 
cupy  a  rear  rank,  next  the  fence,  fronted  by 
lower-growing  families. 
Viowwl  as  shrubs  or  low  trees,  tlioy  have  most 
estimable  <pialitios,  and  it  is  only  Viecanse  peo¬ 
ple  do  not  know,  or  forgot,  what  tho  office  of  the 
pruning-kuife  may  be  in  competent  bands,  that 
wo  hear  complaints  of  their  coarse  and  unman¬ 
ageable  nature.  Samueu  Par-sons,  Jr. 
THE  SOUL  OF  WINE 
Feriiai'S  it  is  rather  straining  a  point  to  talk  of 
the  soul  of  tho  juico  of  a  fruit,  but  tho  Galaxy 
talks  of  tho  “  Honl  of  wine  ”  in  tliis  wise : 
It  is  difficult  to  describe  the  soul  of  the  humau 
body,  aud  it  is  almost  as  difficult  to  describe  tho 
"boquef,''  for  it  is  tho  soul  of  wine.  It  is  an 
aromatic  flavor  which  constitutes  one  of  its  chief 
oxccllcuclos,  and  gives  the  liquid  its  esiiecial 
character.  There  is  a  certaiu  degree  of  mystoi-y 
concerning  tlie  soul  of  wine  which  so  far 
has  not  been  satisfactorily  determined.  Most 
wine  makers  believe,  however,  that  tliis  aroma 
WHIFFS  FROM  CANADA.-APPLE8  AND 
HICKORIES. 
sovoro  frost  up  to  that  date.  A  large  surfaco  of 
ground  has  boon  plowed,  and  the  ditches  that 
have  lain  so  long  uvci'giowii  wIlIi  rank  weeds 
and  choked  with  rubbish  have  hteu  reopened 
and  cleaned.  Farmers  say  they  have  done  more 
ditching  this  season  than  for  a  dozen  years,  and 
its  utility  will  be  soeii,  lei  us  hope,  when  tho 
spring  comes  and  tlie  melting  snow  and  warm 
early  rains  overilow  the  land.  What  a  difference 
one  finds  in  neighbors  m  this  cu-operativo  om- 
ploymeut!  One  man,  with  pleasant,  genial 
manner,  will  shoulder  his  jiick  and  shove]  aud 
liegiri  to  work  with  zeal  and  a  knowledge  of  the 
business,  wbile  another  loiters  along  about  the 
middle  of  tho  day  or  sends  his  poorest  hand  in 
his  place. 
As  I  write,  a  whiff  from  the  north  gives  a 
warning  of  snow  near  at  hand,  while  tho  heavy 
clouds,  tinged  yot  with  light,  aro  sure  indica¬ 
tions  of  a  storm.  Out  we  are  satisfied  to  see  a 
change  now,  since  our  autumn  has  been  so  fair, 
and  in  the  well-built  houses  that  in  Canada  are 
constructed  to  protect  us  against  tlio  weather  wo 
can  pile  on  the  logs  and  defy  the  wintry  winds. 
Then  is  our  mood  the  truest  to  criticise  and  nd- 
miro  the  dilTerent  varieties  of  apples  that  are 
brought  from  the  cellar  and  (0  decide  by  their 
keeping  qualities  wliat  varieties  to  plant  in  tho 
spring.  In  Canada  wo  arc  greatly  in  need  of  a 
good  winter  apple  of  fine  flavor,  as  well  as  keep¬ 
ing  qualities,  combined  with  hardiness.  Tho 
varieties  grown  bore  and  in  tho  Wostom  Prov¬ 
ince,  although  firm  and  keeping  sound  till  May, 
lack  tho  fitio,  Hub-acid  juiciness  of  our  autumn 
fruit. 
We  have  had  some  trouble  in  oiu’  attempts  to 
raise  Hickory  trees,  anil  this  year  we  have 
adopted  a  primitive  method  of  planting,  which, 
if  successful,  will  have  tho  merit  of  being  easy. 
One  pleasant  Saturday  moniing  in  November 
I  tho  boys,  with  papa,  started  for  tho  wootls,  car- 
I  rying  a  bag  of  sweet  hickory  nuts,  and  while 
I  papa  made  holes  with  a  crowbar  in  the  green 
I  sward  in  front  of  tho  wocsls  (keeping  the  lino 
straight  across  lots),  two  of  tho  lads  dropped  in 
the  nuts,  and  a  third  followed  with  a  hammer 
aud  beat  the  earth  hard  over  them  to  cheat  the 
squirrels.  1  cannot  tell  you  until  spring  if  they 
will  grow  I  but  as  these  treeii  are  jii  demapd  to 
THREE  WILLOWS, 
The  name  Willow  is  very  apt  to  call  up,  at 
first  thought,  the  weeping,  or  so-called  Babylo¬ 
nian  vaiiety.  Visions  of  green  banks  and 
islands,  fringed  with  pendant  branches  relloctcd 
in  tho  water,  come  up  naturally  with  Ihotorui; 
but  tho  momners  of  the  family  are  really  quite 
numerous  and  diverse  in  character,  utterly  un¬ 
fitted,  in  many  cases,  for  uitlior  street  or  lawn 
trees. 
In  the  habit  and  office  of  shrubs,  however, 
experience  will  always  prove  them  valuable,  and 
it  is  of  three  well-known,  ill-apprcciatcd  kinds, 
thus  used,  that  wo  wish  to  sjieak.  The  Laurel¬ 
leaved  Willow  (,Solir.  pi-nlawlra)  is  a  vigorous 
plant,  of  erect,  spirited  nature,  healthy,  clean 
and  straight.  Tho  loaves  aro  broad  and  large  for 
a  willow,  as  suggested  by  tho  familiar  name.  All 
soils  seem  to  suit  it,  and,  like  its  comiianions,  it 
is  readily  propagated  and  grown,  and  oapablo, 
wlion  jimued,  of  retaining  its  beauty  many  years. 
A  very  suitable  position  for  its  employment  is  in 
hedges,  difficulties  found  in  a  rampant  nature 
being  easily  overcome  by  intelligent  pruning. 
Unlike  the  other  two,  tlie  system  adopted  should 
be  that  applied  to  the  Privet,  i.  c.,  to  cut  in  hard 
on  planting,  aud,  after  two  years,  free  from  half 
tho  yoimg  wood  mode  by  tho  past  growth.  Tho 
desired  bight  attained,  every  other  year  the  wood 
of  those  two  seasons  must  be  remot'cd  back  into 
the  older  growth,  to  renew  a  syinmelrioal  halnt. 
Tho  Rosemary  Willow  {Salix  roxnuxrinfvlia) 
is  remarkable,  both  as  shrub  and  tree,  for  its 
small,  delicate  leaves,  elegant  growth,  aud  per¬ 
fect  curves.  In  vigor,  it  docs  not  equal  tho 
Laurel-leaved,  but  is  strong  enough  to  require 
judicious  xirunlng.  The  method  used,  contrary 
to  the  treatment  of  the  Lanrel-loaved,  is  prefer¬ 
ably  that  of  tho  Weigela  type,  being  simfily  the 
removal  in  winter  of  wood  now  two  years  old, 
accompanied  by  a  light  clipping  for  the  sake  Of 
near 
vacuum  lot  it  he  on  the  side  or  sides. 
Honey  Plant. — Prof.  A.  J.  Cook  of  Michigan 
Agricultural  College  says  that  the  following 
Xjlants  have  been  tested  tho  xircsont  season  and 
found  to  furnish  excellent  forage Mignonette, 
borage  ami  black  mustard.  Bunllowmrs  aro  un¬ 
worthy  cultivation,  while  tho  Rocky  Mountain 
bee  plant  blooms  too  lato  to  bo  valuable  whoro 
there  is  plenty  of  foil  bloom  naji  vo  to  the  '•egioi! . 
VINE  STOCKS  AND  PHYLLOXERA, 
A  cioMMUNicATioN  mado  by  51.  BoirriN  to  the 
Academy  of  Hcionces,  I’aris,  relates  to  the  an¬ 
alyses  of  several  varieties  of  American  Vine 
slocks,  resistant  and  non-resistant  to  the  Phyl •• 
