THE  RlilllAL  MEW-YORKER 
BE6.  23 
from  low  and  rather  wet  lands ;  bonce,  if  a  jwr- 
tion  of  the  farm  is  of  this  description  and  can  l)e 
used  for  meadows,  it  need  not  ho  considered  so 
very  objectionable  in  case  the  pastures  are  of  a 
different  character. 
Good  water  in  abundance  is  uuoUicr  essential 
requlromcBt  of  a  dairy  farm.  It  should  bo 
imf ailing  and  well  distributed  over  the  pastures 
80  as  to  bo  of  easy  access  to  cattle.  Springs 
and  stroaiiis  of  swoot,  clear  water  are,  of  course, 
the  best,  though  wo  have  soon  giX)d  dairy  farms 
where  the  water  supply  was  obtained  from  wells. 
In  this  case  wind-mills  were  orccUxl  to  pmnp 
the  water  from  wells  that  were  unfailing,  and  by 
arranging  the  vats  or  roservolrs  so  that  the 
ovorilow  could  be  conducted  back  again  to  the 
well,  a  constant  supply  of  good,  fresh  water  was 
kept  within  roach  of  stock. 
Whid-nnlls  are  now  built  so  as  to  be  very 
efticiont  in  their  oiMjratiou,  requiring  but  little 
attention.  Htlll,  it  will  be  seen  Uiat  all  such 
artifloial  means  of  procuring  water  arc  much  in¬ 
ferior  to  a  living  spring  or  stream,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  extra  expense  entailed  to  keep  up  the 
needed  Bupi>Iy.  The  necessity  for  a  good  Hujiply 
of  clean,  sweet  water  is  imperative  for  the 
Buaor<ssfuI  management  of  dairy  stock,  and  no 
matter  how  good  the  farm  may  be  for  grass,  or 
however  eligibly  loeaits'l,  If  it  fails  in  a  suflicient 
water  stJi'ply  it  will  lac'.lt  one  of  the  most  essential 
requirements  of  a  good  dairy  farm,  and  one 
that  will  be  sure  to  be  fatal  to  a  snccessful 
prosecution  of  dairying. 
Water  is  somoiimos  so  located  on  farms  that  a 
good  supply  is  furnished  in  ijastiu'cs  remote 
from  the  stables  wliilo  little  or  none  can  be  liad 
at  the  latter  place  for  stock.  This  will  he  a 
serious  inconvenience  even  in  smnmer,  but  in 
wider  it  will  prove  an  Insuperable  objection, 
because  cows  that  are  obliged  to  travel  long 
distanocs  in  the  fierce  blasts  of  winkT,  wading 
through  deep  snows,  exposed  to  the  intense  cold 
of  our  Northern  climate  cannot  be  exi>cotcd  to 
be  carried  through  the  season  without  heavy 
loss.  In  chonsmg  a  daii^  farm  thou,  look  well 
to  the  winter  a*  wall  as  the  summer  supply  of 
water.  Anotliev essential  requisite  in  a  gooddauy 
farm  is  that  the  farm  be  not  so  situated  that  the 
cattle  are  obliged  lo  travel  long  distances  from 
the  pasture  to  tlie  miUcing-rttahle.s.  All  excessive 
travel  is  a  waste  on  the  tissues  which  will  be 
made  up  at  tht!  expense  <>f  milk  secietion,  and 
hence  such  dairy  fai  ms  are  objectionable. 
We  should  suggest  also  tliat  our  correspondent 
take  note  of  the  amount  of  fencing  tliat  the 
farm  will  reijuire.  Wo  are  luspiainted  with 
some  excellent  grass  farms  that  are  so  located  as 
to  ro<)iure  an  exlraordmary  outlay  in  the  build¬ 
ing  and  maintaimug  of  fciicos.  Jn  siicJi  cases  a 
heavy  rliaft  is  made  on  the  annual  receiiits  in 
keeping  up  fences.  Wo  h.ive  named  some  of  Uio 
leading  requirements  of  a  dau^-  farm  rvitbout 
going  into  detail.  It  is  dosiiable,  of  course, 
that  farms  bo  so  sbajied  w  iib  rosiiuct  to  builduigs 
that  tbo  latior  required  iu  their  managomout  bo 
comparatively  hght.  Accesuility  to  market  or  to 
villages  is  another  conveuieuce  which  should 
not  bu  overlooked,  aud  above  all  select  yom* 
farm  in  a  healthy  locality'. 
- - ♦  - - 
DAIRY  CONVENTION. 
NEW  YORK  STATE  DAIRYMEN’S  ASSOCIATION. 
Ei.MIUA,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13.  ISTC. 
A  MORE  delicious  day  for  the  assembling  of  a 
Convention  than  wo  have  had  to-day  could 
hardly  have  been  made  to  order.  The  air  was 
balmy  aud  soft,  yet  siilliciontly  bracing  for  com¬ 
fort.  Tbo  effect  of  tlie  weather  was  plainly 
perceptible  on  the  face  of  my  genial  friend  Har¬ 
ris  Lewis,  whose  smile  was  as  sweet  as  if  he 
were  not  rosponsiblo  for  any  of  the  *•  ways  that 
are  dark  and  tiicks  that  are  vain  ”  for  ivbich  the 
Dairy  King  of  last  summer  has  made  itself  so 
famous.  Uuder  the  cheering  iulluonce  of  Old 
Sol’s  briglit  rays,  the  solemu  countenance  of  our 
august  friend  aud  so-called  I’rofessor  Arnold 
assumed  a  smile  at  once  so  bland  aud  bewitch¬ 
ing  that  one  would  never  dream  of  his  having 
taken  part  in  the  wayward  and  phantasmal  do¬ 
ings  at  Philadetiihia  some  few  months  since. 
Blaudiag,  the  great  Dairy'  Architect,  who  erected 
the  $10,000  building  which  sold  for  $1,100, 
seemed  to  be  above  tho  inllnenco  of  Elmira's 
brightest  day,  and  poor  Scovillo  appeared  to  be 
quite  used  up  by  his  past  Hummoi’’s  labor. 
Shull  smiled  and,  as  usual,  looked  wise.  How 
some  people  do  succeed  in  building  up  a  reputa¬ 
tion  for  wisdom  by  keeping  still!  ' 
Tho  citizens  of  Elmira  secured  for  the  accom¬ 
modation  of  tho  Convention  the  Academy  of 
Music,  a  beautiful  little  structure,  admirably 
adapted  to  the  purpose. 
MORNINB  SESSION. 
At  11  o'clock  President  Willard  called  the 
meeting  to  order.  The  brief  morning  session 
was  devoted  to  preliminary  business,  including 
the  appointment  of  committees.  The  following 
committees  were  appointed  by  the  Chair : 
Order  of  Bumiess. — Col.  C.  P.  Root,  Gilberts- 
ville,  Otsego  Co.;  Dr.  E.  G.  Crafts,  Binghamton 
Broome  Co.;  Col.  H.  C.  Hoffman,  Horseheatls, 
Chemung  Co.  Finance. — George  W.  Hoffman, 
J.  .S.  Van  Duzer,  W'.  A.  Ward,  all  of  Elmira. 
MtficellanMfux. — .lesse  Owen,  Elmira;  .Toseph 
W.  Long,  Oxford,  Chenango  Co.;  J.  V.  H.  Sco- 
ville,  Paris,  Oneida  Co.  ItiHolulione. — H.  M. 
Keuneily  of  the  Ctloa  Herald,  O.  A.  C.  Barnett 
of  the  Rural  New-Yorker,  J.  M.  Peters  of  the 
Groctir,  New  York.  Dairy  Apparaf.u».—\Vm. 
Blaiiiling,  Hawleytown,  Brihimo  Co.;  Col.  H.  0. 
Hoffman,  Horsohwuls,  Chemung  Co.;  W.  L. 
Rutherford,  Waddingtou,  St.  Lawrence  Co. 
Dairy  Producle. — T.  D.  Curtis,  Syracuse;  Jesse 
Owen,  Elmira;  Hon.  Harris  Lewis,  Frankfort, 
Herkimer  Co. 
An  adjournment  was  hod  till  2  o’clock  P.  M. 
AFTERNOON  SESSION. 
On  the  assembling  of  the  Convention  in  tho 
afternoon  there  was  a  slight  increase  in  the 
attendance,  although  it  was  still  a  thin  house— 
dairy-men  from  the  ontlying  towns  having  ap¬ 
parently  failed  to  appreciate  tlie  importance  of 
the  meeting.  A  few’  ladies  apiieared ;  but,  alto- 
goUier,  there  was  but  a  poor  showing  for  a  dis¬ 
trict  famous  for  its  dairy  prndiicls. 
President  Willard  entered  tho  Hall,  accom¬ 
panied  by  Sccretaiy’  Shull,  President  Hoffman, 
of  the  I'armers’  Club,  and  bis  liouor,  tlie  Mayor. 
Mr.  Hoffman  introduced  Mayor  Turner,  who 
tendered  to  the  Convention  and  its  visitors  a 
cordial  welcome.  Ho  also  made  a  comparison 
bi'tween  the  dairy  interests  and  those  of  all 
other  industries,  very  favorable  to  the  former. 
Touching  upon  tl»o  present  prices  and  futme 
proBiiects,  he  predicted  brightly  for  the  dairy¬ 
men  of  this  State. 
To  this  address  President  Willard  made  a  neat 
reply  on  hohnlf  of  the  Association  aud  then  de¬ 
livered  Ids  annual  address,  which  w'as  listened  to 
with  marked  attention  and  deep  interest.  As 
you  will  probably  pubi  isli  it  at  a  future  time,  I 
will  omit  any  fnriher  remarks  upon  it. 
'I'Lis  was  followed  by  a  rather  heavy  hut  cx- 
enedingly  interesting  paper  by  Dr.  Crafts  of 
Bingham ptou,  on  Mammarial  Glands.  The  Dr. 
seemed  to  forget  that  few  of  his  audience  were 
imqu^uted  with  tho  scientilic  and  technical 
terms  U8«*d  by  pliysiologists ;  but  the  audience 
bore  up  well  under  it,  knowing  tho  Doctor's 
earnestness  aud  zeal  for  tho  promotion  of  good 
diiiryiug. 
Tho  discussion  which  followed  this  paper  was 
principally  upon  tho  use  of  the  metal  milking 
lubes,  the  use  of  which  almost  all  tho  partici¬ 
pants  deprecate<l  and  few  defended.  The  gen¬ 
eral  opiuion  aud  experience  scorned  to  bu  that 
their  use  resulted  iu  garget  and  ^should  bu  dis¬ 
countenanced.  The  discussion  lusted  no  iucou- 
sidcrublu  time,  and  was  sustaiiiod  iu  an  animated 
I  manner  by  Messrs.  Ai'nold,  Stiles,  Crocker, 
!  tlurtis,  Ow«‘n,  Hoffman,  Stowell,  Miller,  John¬ 
son  and  Dr.  Crafts  himself. 
Dr.  E.  Tj.  Sturtovant  sent  his  paper  on  Ayr- 
shiros,  wliieh  was  reavl,  iu  his  absence,  by  Mr.  T. 
D.  Curtis. 
The  discuBBion  which  followed  showed  tho 
interest  it  excited,  and  must  have  marie  Col. 
Hungerford’s  ears  burn  if  he  is  at  all  sensitive 
to  electric'  inllnenccs.  The  celobratcd  cow, 
•“  Creamer,”  was  claimed  to  be  all  breeds  and  no 
breed,  admitted  to  bo  the  best  cow  ever  seen, 
aud  finally  eoiisigiied,  by  Harris  T.ewis,  to  ids 
usual  recoptuclo  for  all  good  cows,  the  Kbort- 
Horns.  Had  Col.  nuugoii'ord  been  present, 
there  might  have  been  a  different  tone  main¬ 
tained;  but,  in  las  absence,  bis  exhibition  of 
Creamer  as  an  Ayrshire,  did  not  uiqiear  to  meet 
with  general  approval.  The  discusHion  was  par¬ 
ticipated  in  by  Mossns.  llntherfoid,  Hoffman, 
Lewis,  Ward,  Stowed,  Sooville,  Craft.s  aud  Mil¬ 
ler.  This  closed  the  aftenioou  session. 
EVENING  SESSION. 
The  proceedings  were  opened,  Dr.  Crafts  pre- 
eiding,  liy  a  paper  upon  “Tho  Holstein  Cow,” 
prexiared  by  Garrett  H.  Miller  of  Feterboro,  N. 
Y.  and  read  by  Mr.  Armstrong  of  Elmira.  His 
tlu'oe  imported  cows  gave  an  average  of  8,738.28 
poimds  por  year  for  tho  six  years  he  has  owned 
them. 
Dowager  gave  milk  18S4  days  din'ing  the  six 
years  and  luodiieod  63,805!.X  pounds.  Crown 
ITincess  was  in  millc  1.821  days  aud  produced  Cl,- 
112  pounds,  a  daily  average  of  8:i.56  pounds. 
The  highest  daily  yield  was  76  pounds,  her 
lai'gest  annual  yield  was  14,027  pounds. 
Following  this,  5Ir.  Hoxie,  of  Utica,  N.  Y., 
jiroseuted  a  statement,  showing  tho  yield  for  tho 
season  of  1876,  of  the  thoroughbred  Holstein 
cows  ow'ned  by  the  Unadilla  Valley  Bleeders’ 
Association : 
yield  for  Uectird  from 
Name  Utldays.  time  of  ciiiviiig  No.  days. 
to  Dec.  3. 
Maid  of  Twisk  9,653K  ip.34»«  211 
.loeotia  0.473?s  7,hSo;*b  23(7 
Sljtje  7,243h;  220  - 
Nettlzu  5,.W7W  li,74SJ4  211 
Jeuka  4,33Di'fc  5,20S)s  22d 
Here  followed  a  discussion,  which  contained 
the  relation  of  many  valuable  exiierienoes,  but 
which  had  to  terminate  to  admit  of  the  reading 
of  Mr.  Hands  Lewis’  paper  on  ••  Short-Horns  for 
the  Dairy.” 
Mr.  Lewis  opened  gracefully,  as  he  always 
does,  in  the  following  language ; 
No.  days. 
In  presenting  this  subject  for  your  cousidera- 
tioii,  I  cannot  do  betUir  than  to  give  you  a  brief 
liistory  of  some  of  the  early  efforts  to  improve 
the  Sbort-ITorns,  by  quoting  from  a  paper  read 
before  the  Blauford  Fanners’  Club,  in  October 
last,  by  Mr.  Daniell,  and  published  in  the  Mark 
l.aiie  Express  of  Octolmr  30th,  187C,  a  copy  of 
wliich  W'as  kindly  tsent  me  by  one  of  the  publish¬ 
ers  of  the  IlmiAi,  Nkw-Yorkek. 
Tl»e  subject  \raK  handled  iu  a  convincing 
manner,  and  I  must  send  you  the  following  ex¬ 
tracts: 
“Very  many  predict  that  the  fashionable 
breetling  of  Kliort-Homs,  as  it  is  called,  will 
have  its  day,  considering  it  as  a  matter  of  spec¬ 
ulation  merely.  This  may  bo  so ;  but  I  predict 
that  BO  long  as  the  yearly  offspring  of  the  fash¬ 
ionable  cow  will  sell  in  the  market  for  from  ten 
to  ton  hundred  times  as  much  as  her  annual 
yield  of  milk  is  worth,  tbo  present  course  of 
breeding  will  be  coaUnue<l.  if  every  drop  of  milk 
should  go  to  grass.  *  *  *  ♦  * 
“  To  sum  tbeir  milking  qualities  up  in  a  nut¬ 
shell,  1  will  declare  them  capable  of  giving  from 
one  pound  of  milk  per  day  to  one  hundred,  if 
the  records  here  be  true,  and  that  the  quantity 
of  milk  they  produce  is  iu  exact  proportion,  as  a 
rule,  to  their  breeding,  food  and  care.  And  this 
very  quality,  ixiBscsscd  by  them  in  a  greater  de¬ 
gree  than  by  any  other  breed  of  cows,  adds  vastly 
tp  their  value  as  dairy  stock.  m  *  * 
“  I  prefer  the  Short-Horn  cow  for  the  dairy 
because  she  will  produce  the  most  milk,  the 
most  butter,  the  most  cheese,  aud  the  most 
beef,  for  the  food  consumed,  of  any  breed  of 
cows  we  have.” 
After  a  discussion  upon  tho  subject  of  this 
pap«.-r,  which  was  quite  spirited  so  fai'  as  Mr. 
Arnold  aud  Mr.  Lewis  were  concerned,  tbo  Con¬ 
vention  adjoiu-ued  for  the  day. 
1  shall  send  you  tho  procoixliiigs  of  to-morrow 
as  soon  after  tho  adjournment  as  tho  Erie  Rail¬ 
way  M'ill  permit.  Suortuokn. 
I'Jlie  romiiinder  of  the  proceedings  have  ar- 
rive<l,  but  too  late  for  this  issue,  aud  must  lie 
over  till  next  week. — En.J 
Bcirntific  an!)  Slsfful. 
PARAGUAYAN  TEA  OR  YERBA  MATE. 
In  many  on  old  book  of  travels  mention  is 
made  of  the  above  named  substitute  for  IJie 
genuine  tea  of  the  East  Indies  aud  China,  hut 
wo  do  not  remember  to  have  mot  so  full  a  de¬ 
scription  of  it  as  lately  appeared  iu  tho  Planter's 
Journal,  from  which  we  make  a  few  extracts. 
We  may  add  however  that  Ilex  hero  rtfon  wl  to 
is  the  botanical  name  of  our  common  ovorgreon 
Holly  found  gi’owing  abundantly  from  tbo  lati¬ 
tude  of  Now  York  city  southward,  aud  it  may  bo 
that  our  native  species  would  make  just  as  good 
tea  as  the  1‘araguayau. 
At  present  the  Ilex  Paraguayeims  is  to  be 
found  solely  iu  Moutliern  Brazil,  where  it  grows 
wild.  There  aie  two  or  three  allied  species  of 
Ilex,  natives  also  of  South  America,  that  possess 
similar  proijorlies  lo  the  Ilex  Par.,  also  used  for 
lea.  One  of  these  is  tlio  ilex  MartinUina,  indig¬ 
enous  to  British  Guiainl;  another  is  tho  Ilex 
Oongvna  of  Brazil.  Specimens  of  the  Ilex  Par. 
aud  of  Chiuoso  and  Indian  Teas  can  bo  seen 
iddo  by  side  at  Kew  Gardens ;  the  leaf  of  the 
two  plants  is  almost  identical,  the  former  being 
larger.  Iii  their  wild  state  the  trees  are  about 
the  size  of  orange  trees.  The  trunk  is  abont 
two  or  three  feet  iu  cirenmferenee,  and  has 
smcKith  whitish  bark;  and  the  houghs,  which 
resemble  those  of  tlio  laiu'el.  are  leafy  and  tufted. 
The  leaves  are  evergreen,  and  at  their  full  are 
about  four  inches  long,  thick,  glossy,  and  cre- 
nate  at  the  edges,  of  a  dark  green  color  above, 
and  paler  underueatli.  The  Bowers  are  small 
and  white,  growing  iu  small  clusters.  The 
ben-ies  are  red,  veiy  smijoth,  aud  similar  to  the 
Christmas  holly.  The  leaves  of  this  Ilex  yield 
the  same  bitter  principle,  Tlunne,  which  is  found 
in  the  Chinese  tea  plant.  Although  the  former 
may  not  afford  so  much  of  the  agreeable  aro¬ 
matic  oil  as  the  latter,  hr  consequences  of  tho 
careless  aud  primitive  manner  in  which  they  ai-e 
collected  aud  jjrepared  for  use,  yet  they  produce 
a  most  agreeable  and  refre.diiug  beverage,  which 
forms  tho  staple  drink  of  tho  South  Americau 
Republics,  and  it  bus  been  much  reUshed  by 
Europeans  visiting  those  countries. 
Tea-drinkers  in  China  are  weak  aud  thin ;  but 
rvith  mate  this  docs  not  occur,  aud  the  iieople  of 
the  Bouthoru  Repubhes,  w  here  tho  use  of  mate 
is  carried  to  an  abuse,  are  robust  aud  healthy. 
In  cold  climates  mate  is  very  good  as  a  beverage 
—its  promotion  of  diaphoresis,  alleviating  bron¬ 
chitis  and  pulmonar-y  irritations.  In  hot  cli¬ 
mates  it  is  still  more  proper  as  its  diuretic  action 
favors  the  reduction  of  tho  abdominal  viscera, 
esirecially  the  hver,  to  enlargement  of  which 
people  in  hot  climates  are  very  liable,  As  far 
back  as  the  seventeenth  century  the  Yerha  Mate 
was  commonly  drunk  throughout  the  State  of 
Paraguay.  There  can  be  little  doubt  but  that 
the  aboriginal  Indians  taught  the  use  of  this  tea 
to  their  Spanish  conquerors,  and  the  early  Jesuit 
missionaries  planted  great  numbers  of  these  trees 
before  their  expulsion,  since  which  time  its  cul¬ 
tivation  has  been  ncglectc-d.  The  roost  abundant 
groves  of  the  y(rl>a  are  situated  In  diatriots  ex¬ 
posed  to  tho  raids  of  hostile  IntUans.  Expedi¬ 
tions  start  from  Asoiiucion  to  tlie  y~ei‘ha  groves, 
a  distance  of  260  miles,  and  are  generally  com¬ 
posed  of  forty  to  fifty  persons,  mounted  on 
mules,  having  with  them  other  mules  aud  bul¬ 
locks.  Oil  nraching  a  locality  where  the  trees 
are  abundant,  wigwams  are  erected  and  the 
taiaciia  constructiHl.  Tills  coiisi.st8  of  clearing  a 
small  space  of  ground,  tlie  soil  of  which  is  tlicn 
beaten  down  with  heavy  mallets  imtil  it  becomes 
quite  bard  and  level ;  at  the  four  corners  of  this 
space  sticks  aie  driven  into  the  ground,  from 
which  a  sort  of  net.  made  from  stiips  of  hide,  is 
stretched ;  a  fire  is  kindled  beneath,  and  the 
leaves  on  the  boughs,  as  they  are  brought  iu 
from  tlie  surrounding  forests,  are  scorched  by 
being  ]tlaced  on  the  net,  care  being  taken  that 
no  Ignition  takes  place. 
The  scorched  leaves  and  small  twigs  are  then 
ground  into  a  coarse  powder  by  means  of  a  nido 
wooden  mill— frequently  stamped  with  blcKiks 
into  dust  after  which  process  they  arc  reiuly  lo 
be  weighed  and  put  up  Into  packages  for  export. 
Half  a  bullock's  hide  m  a  green  state  is  used  to 
form  a  kind  of  sack  to  hold  the  tea,  being  first 
sewn  up  at  tho  sides.  Q'he  tea  is  then  pressed 
down  until  it  is  quite  l  ull,  the  month  is  sewn  up, 
and  the  package,  which  usually  weighs  from  200 
lbs.  to  250lbH.,  id  left  to  dry  and  tighten  in  tho 
sun  for  a  few  days,  until  it  becomes  as  hard  and 
impervious  as  a  stone.  Hucli  a  mode  of  collec¬ 
tion  and  preparation  is  indeed  primitive,  and  tho 
twigs  impart  a  woody  llavor  to  the  tea,  otliei  w  iso 
very  agreeable. 
The  tea  is  made  by  simply  pouring  boiling 
water  over  tho  tea-dust,  and  allowing  it  to  stand 
for  a  few  minutes.  Besides  tho  I’nraguuy  con¬ 
sumption,  aliout  1,250,000  lbs.  arc  taken  by  tho 
Argontiuo  llepnbhc,  aud  the  second  kind  is  ex¬ 
ported  round  Capo  Horn  to  tho  other  Bonth 
American  Republics.  Wo  have  no  correct  data 
for  determining  tho  quantity  ammally  exported 
from  Paraguay ;  Imt  it  is  stated  that  aliont 
8,000,000  lbs.  are  sent  to  Banta  I’o  and  Buenos 
Ayres,  whilst  ChiU  consiimeH  40,000  arrobas  (32 
lbs.  each)  yearly,  and  Peru  100,000. 
- - - 
PRESERVATION  OF  TIMBER. 
The  Bnildiug  News  gives  the  following  valu¬ 
able  information:  Presuming  tbo  timber  has 
been  felled  at  tho  ])iopor  time  and  stacked  with 
care,  and  is  doU voted  iu  a  grxKl  shvt*.*  ready  for 
the  builder,  the  means  employed  to  preserve  it 
are  various,  and  must  depend  m  a  great  measure 
npon  the  nature  of  tho  work  for  which  it  is  to  be 
employed.  For  instance,  if  it  is  for  extcrual 
work  of  a  coiiuuon  ehai'actor,  the  best  preserva¬ 
tive  is  to  well  jiaint  it,  and,  while  still  wet,  strew 
it  witJi  sand,  and,  as  soon  as  tho  paint  has  per¬ 
ished,  repaint  it.  l'’or  posts  and  iiiles  exposixl  to 
tho  action  of  niolsluro  in  a  great  degree,  tho 
best  means  is  to  char  tho  wood,  as  it  then  iu  a 
moasmu  becomes  incoiTuptible. 
Bimple  ailvises  acorching  the  wood  all  over, 
aud,  while  still  hot,  rubbing  it  with  linseed  oil 
and  tar ;  tho  scorcliiug  can  be  effooted  by  jiass- 
iiig  over  tho  timber  a  powi^fnl  fiame  produced 
by  coal  gas  aud  a  blow  pijie.  As  a  preservative 
against  worms  uotliing  can  bo  dono  bettor  than 
to  sivtui  ato  tho  wood  with  any  of  the  oils.  As  to 
the  patent  methods  for  tho  preservation  of  tim¬ 
ber,  there  is  one  by  Kyan,  patented  iu  1S.S2, 
which  consists  in  impregnating  the  timber  with 
corrosive  subliiuato,  and  another  of  a  similar 
kind  patented  by  Payne  iu  1841.  Tho  host  pre¬ 
servative  for  tiiirbor  I  can  recommend  is  (after 
having  obtained  the  best  seasoned,  and  w  hen 
worketl  for  the  voi'ious  purposes  required),  for 
it  to  he  well  rablxid  with  oil,  anti,  when  fruiiiRig 
it  in  its  place  iu  tho  carcase  of  tho  building, 
taluug  care  to  keep  it  as  much  as  possible  from 
the  masonry,  and  allowing  the  circulation  of 
plenty  of  air  without  being  Uable  to  action  of  tho 
weather,  aud  when  tho  carcase  is  complete,  al¬ 
lowing  it  to  stand  as  long  as  possible  before  the 
timbers  are  coveVed  m,  so  tliat  they  may  have 
as  it  were,  a  second  seasoning. 
Wet  and  dry  rots  are  two  forms  of  decay  which 
attack  timbers  exposed  to  tho  action  of  the 
weather,  aud  the  eapse  of  both  may  be  said  to  bo 
heat  with  moisture.  (Jonfined  air  and  evapora¬ 
tion  wet-rot.  As  a  preventivo  against  those  rots 
the  timber  should  be  well  seasoned,  and  if  used 
where  liable  to  be  under  tho  iuilueuco  of  sun 
aud  rain,  should  be  well  painted.  If  not  painted 
they  must  be  impregnated  with  linseed  or  oil  of 
tar ;  but  the  best  preventive  is  to  allow  a  free 
ciiculatiou  of  air  around  the  timbers,  and  the 
walls  to  be  allowed  to  di'y  thoroughly  before  the 
introduction  of  the  timbers.  Bhould  the  timbers 
have  taken  either  of  these  rots  very  httle  can  be 
done  to  preserve  them.  If  the  rot  is  perceived 
to  ho  at  the  eud  of  beams  only— and  here  it  gen¬ 
erally  commences — the  best  way  to  preserve  the 
rest  of  the  timbers  would  be  to  cut  away  the 
