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[October 
appendages are forcipate but nearly alike S 9 and are used as defensive 
weapons, the two inferiors being absent. In all the other Neuropte- 
rous, Pseudoneuropterous and Orthopterous families, excepting, so far as 
regards the inferior appendages, the family Ephemerina, the abdominal 
appendages when present are simple, and when present in both sexes 
are alike S 9 • Occasionally they are laminate (Acridii Latr.=:Locus- 
tadae Leach) but usually more or less setiform, the superiors often very 
long and antenniform and either exarticulate (Grryllides) or multiarticu- 
late,(Blattad 9 e, Mantidae, Perlina, Ephemerina.) Hence morphologically 
they must, I think, be considered as caudal antennae, as they have been 
actually observed in Grryllides, where however the two inferiors except 
in Tridactylus are absent, “ to be very sensible and to serve probably 
to give the animal notice of the approach of any annoyance from be¬ 
hind.” (Westw. Intr. I. p. 441.) Functionally, however, though not 
morphologically, these organs are in Odonata and the above enumerated 
Orthopterous and Neuropterous groups, in S but not in 9 , accessory 
reproductive organs, just as in Forficuladae % 9 they are functionally 
weapons of defense. The true % reproductive organs are generally in 
the class Insecta small, retractile and more or less fleshy, so as to be 
studied with difficulty, especially in the dried specimen, except in Odo¬ 
nata and a few other families, where they are generally large, exserted 
and horny and consequently not liable to lose their form in drying. 
Wherever they have been studied, however, they seem to follow the 
same laws as the % reproductive organs of Odonata, whether true or 
accessory, which have been so elaborately illustrated by Dr. Hagen, 
viz., that they are remarkably constant in the same species, and that 
they differ by small but constant differences in the % % , but scarcely 
forceps. Consequently, as this forceps takes the place of the normal horizontal 
% forceps formed by the two exterior appendages, the latter are here nearly 
alike in 9 > except that in Cyrtophyllus they have a long branch % which 
does not appear 9 • 
That the long exarticulate seta in Gryllides is strictly homologous with the 
short prehensile superior appendage found in % Odonata, &c., is proved by the 
fact, that the larva of Chauliodes, as will be hereafter shown, has two long su¬ 
perior setiform appendages almost exactly like those of Gryllus (=Acheta,) 
while the imago of Chauliodes has a pair of short prehensile superior append¬ 
ages closely resembling those of the Odonatous Erpetogomphus. Nobody, I be¬ 
lieve, has doubted that the exarticulate seta in Gryllides is homologous with 
the multiarticulate seta of Ephemerina and Perlina. 
