GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS 
39 
the white and red stripes; the surface is usually granular. 
It appears early in August, and is mature in October. 
The majority of these galls are deformed, stunted, and 
infested with parasites. The wasp ( Dryophanta longiventris) 
emerges in the beginning of December. Fig. 4 depicts 
a magnified section of a gall with a wasp upon it. It seeks 
the adventitious buds. The galls which result from the 
presence of its larvae therein much resemble those of 
D. Taschenbergi, but are more pointed, and greenish-grey, 
never violet. The surface also is more pubescent than that 
of the purple velvet bud gall, being covered with long white 
hairs. This gall is usually found on adventitious buds 
low down on old trunks. It appears in April; the wasp 
{Dryophanta similis) emerges in the middle of May. Figs. 
1 and 2 show galls natural size and magnified. Adler 
thought that D. folii and D. longiventris sought the adven¬ 
titious buds at the foot of the tree because these are the first 
to be reached in spring by the rising sap, it being an 
advantage for the summer generation to leave early, before 
many parasites are abroad. 
Five scarlet pea galls are shown at Fig. 12 on Plate 
XXII. These galls are the size of small peas, bright red at 
first, becoming brown at maturity. They appear about the 
end of June, and mature in October. They are seldom 
solitary, and always grow from the larger veins. The wasp 
{Dryophanta divisa) emerges in the latter part of November, 
and pricks the large terminal buds and rudimentary leaves. 
The red wart gall which results appears in May. I have 
not found it; the illustrations are copied from Adler. Fig. 9 
shows a gall on a leaf and another on a petiole ; Fig. 10 
one on a leaf; Fig. n one growing through the top of a 
bud. Adler observes that the gall matures in the end of 
May, and the wasp {Dryophanta verrucosa) appears about that 
time or early in June. 
On Plate I. we have depicted the “oyster” gall, which, 
as already remarked (p. 5), was very abundant during 
the summer of 1911. Magnified illustrations of it are 
