42 
BRITISH GALLS 
maturity, in September usually. These galls are com¬ 
monly gregarious, and not infrequently coalescent. The 
larval cavity is central; twin galls often have but one larval 
chamber. Parasites are numerous. The wasp ( Cynips 
Kollari) emerges in September or October by a circular hole. 
According to Beyerinck, the bud gall of the Turkey Oak 
results from the attack of this wasp. He saw Cynips 
Kollari pierce the buds in October, 1901, and the follow¬ 
ing April the galls matured. The wasps therefrom are 
the Andricus civculans. I have not succeeded in finding the 
Turkey Oak bud gall, though I have repeatedly searched 
for it in many districts. The illustration of it is drawn up 
from Cameron’s figure, and the following notes are taken 
from his “British Phytophagous Hymenoptera” (vol. iv., 
pp. 105, 106): “ The galls are found in the axillary leaf buds 
of Quercus cervis gregariously, one, four, or eight being found 
in a bud, and they may be packed so closely together that 
they become compressed and flattened. They are glabrous, 
well hid in the bud, in colour varying from brownish-yellow 
to bright red, thin-walled ; in shape an elongate ovoid, and 
in length 2 to 5 mm. 
“Miss Ormerod found at Kew some galls which, although 
not quite typical, yet still may safely be referable to 
A. civculans. My figure is taken from a specimen I had 
from Professor Mayr. According to the latter authority, 
the normal time for the flies issuing from the galls is 
towards the middle of April.” 
Beyerinck did not succeed in getting Andricus civculans to 
oviposit in Quercus robur. The fact that the Turkey Oak 
bud gall has not been observed in this country since Miss 
Ormerod obtained specimens at Kew in 1878 makes it 
very desirable that Beyerinck’s experiments be carefully 
repeated. It seems unlikely that the alternate generation 
of Cynips Kollari is to be found on Quercus cerris, an Oak 
which is usually avoided by the gall-wasps which frequent 
Quercus robur. 
It may be of interest to note, in reference to the marble 
