GALLS CAUSED BY GALL-WASPS 
43 
gall, that it was probably unknown in this country prior to 
1830, about which time it seems to have been brought to 
Exmouth in connexion with the cloth manufacture at 
Exeter, Tiverton, and other places in the West of England, 
but whether for dyeing purposes is not quite certain. The 
insects escaping, the gall gradually appeared throughout 
Devon, spreading east and west, and causing much con¬ 
sternation at the time. A lot of nonsense was spoken and 
written about the destruction of the Oak, and in 1852 the 
labourers were exhorted to “rally round the pig,” it being 
maintained that the acorn crop was being destroyed and the 
farmers ruined. The gall is now abundant over the whole 
of Britain, and our oaks are none the worse. A most 
interesting account of Cynips Kollari and its gall, with lists 
of parasites, is given by Dr. Straton in Appendix I. to 
“ Alternating Generations” (pp. 163-167). 
Rolfe, in his notes on Oak galls occurring in the Quer- 
cetum at Kew (1881), enumerates some of the above- 
mentioned galls as occurring on several varieties of Quercus 
pedunculata , also on Quercus Turneri (= Q.pedunculata x Q. ilex), 
Quercus infectoria , and others. The same observer, with Miss 
Ormerod, noted the galls of Callirhytis glandium on Quercus 
cerris, var. Lucombeana (= Q. cerris x Q. ruber). Miss Ormerod 
also recorded the occurrence of the galls of Andricus circulans 
and Dryophanta Taschenbergi on this Oak. She observed the 
last named also on typical Q. cerris. Trail and Rolfe noted 
the galls of Neuroterus baccarum on Quercus dentata. Rolfe 
makes the highly interesting observation that he “ never 
found a gall of the Common Oak on either an American 
species or on the European Q. cerris , the ‘ mossy cupped ’ 
oak, even when the branches interlaced, which shows the 
existence of some barrier to their dispersal.” 
I find, however, in Houard’s “ Zoocecidies des Plantes 
d’Europe,” the galls of Biorrhiza pallida, Dryophanta Taschen¬ 
bergi, A ndricus trilineatus, A. testaceipes, A. ostreus, Neuroterus 
albipes, N. lenticularis, and N. baccarum, mentioned under 
Quercus cerris. 
