GALLS CAUSED BY BEETLES 
5i 
the side opposite to that on which the egg was placed. 
The pronounced rounded or fusiform swellings and the 
poor development of leaves cause affected shoots to be 
seen easily in the second year of the attack (Fig. 8, b). 
As usual amongst the Coleoptera, the female (Fig. 9) is the 
larger. It is about 17 mm. long, and more definitely 
marked than the male (Fig. 10), which averages about 
13 mm. in length. Saperda populnca is the sole British 
coleopterous gall-causer on the Willows, and Brachonyx 
pineti on the Conifers. The presence of the larvae of the 
latter on the Scotch Pine causes the needles to be stunted 
and thickened in the middle, the edges meeting to form a 
cigar-shaped gall. 
Smicvonyx jungcvmanniae Reich causes, on the Continent, 
pea-like or fusiform galls, one or tw r o celled, in the stems of 
the Great Dodder ( Cusuta Euvopoea Linn.); and S. caecus 
Reich gives rise to similar galls on the Lesser Dodder 
(Cuscuta epithymum Murr.). These insects are recorded in 
the lists of British Coleoptera, but I have no records of 
their causing galls on the Dodder in this country. 
Economic Notes 
Many beetles are well-known pests of garden, farm, and 
forest, though comparatively few are gall-causers. The 
galls caused by Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis , the Cabbage and 
Turnip weevil, have been described above. Miss Ormerod 
observes that “ these galls do little harm in themselves, so 
far as Turnips are concerned—that is, unless they are very 
numerous, or cause decay by wet lodging in the hollows in 
the galls from which the maggots have escaped. But with 
the Cabbage it is different. Here the gall growths on the 
old stocks are not available for food, as they are with 
Turnips ; they carry off the sap in the wrong direction, 
besides inducing decay.”* 
Hylurgus piniperda bores into young shoots of the Scotch 
Pine; the mouth of the burrow is surrounded by a white 
* “ Manual of Injurious Insects,” second edition, p. 35. 
