SIMLA 47 
of the butterflies seen in this expedition cannot fail to strike the 
reader. 
During this expedition I met a very interesting man, a German 
Moravian Missionary, who was taking his little boy of seven to 
Delhi, on his way to school in Europe. He had been living for 
eight years at the foot of the glaciers, just on our side of the Tibetan 
frontier. Before that he had spent five years at a mission station 
where it was so cold, that he was cut off from all letters and news¬ 
papers for four or five months every winter. At his present station 
he occasionally meets an English official, but with that exception and 
the members of his own family, we were the first Europeans that he 
had seen for months. He greeted us eagerly in broken English and 
was quite delighted to find that I understood a little German. He 
was accompanied by a party of about a dozen natives of the 
mountains whose long black hair gave them a wild look. The 
Moravians, it would appear, have several stations in these frontier 
states where they have been at work for some fifty years, during 
which time they have made 100 converts. What marvellous per¬ 
severance, what invincible faith! My friend told me that these 
mountaineers, in their own homes, showed no trace of caste customs, 
but as soon as ever they came in contact with Hindus, his Buddhist 
servants fell into groups which would not take water the one from 
the other. 
Solon, circa 5000 ft., to Kalka, 2184 ft. 
October 20th, 1903. 
Starting from Simla by starlight, soon after 5 a.m., before the 
kites were up and stirring, we got to Solon by breakfast-time, and 
I there caught at 9 a.m. my first butterflies, two alms- like Blues, 
Zizera lysimon, Hiibn., f. karsandra, Moore, and Z. maha . Also two 
flies, a Musca of the domestica, Linn., group, and an Anthomyid. 
On the drive from Solon to Kalka, by making the most of 
stoppages to change horses, and by occasionally jumping out of the 
carriage, I managed to secure quite a lot of things. Among the 
commonest was the beautiful Precis oenone, Linn., and with it P . 
orithyia and P. lemonias . Of Atella phalantha, Belenois mesentina, 
and Ilerda sena y I took single examples. Terias laeta , Boisd., was 
rather common. There were also Catoysilia pyranthe, Linn., the 
gnoma- form, Terias Jiecahe, and Hiiphina nerissa. About two miles 
above Kalka, say at about 2700 ft., I got a single Precis iphita, Cram. 
At about the same place the great catch of the morning was made, 
