142 
JAPAN 
pretty Araschnia burejana , Brem., was not uncommon; Neptis san- 
gaica was in larger numbers, while but two Grapta C-album were 
taken. The Blues were represented by two Everes argiades, f. hellotia , 
but at the summit of the small wooded hill Toyama Cyaniris ladonides 
was in abundance though worn. This pretty knoll culminates in a 
tiny ruined temple’of very remarkable construction. It is of wood 
to which thin slabs of lava are cramped vertically, just as weather¬ 
boarding is fixed on old river-side cottages in England. Near Kyoto, 
on Mt. Hieizan, we had seen a granite bridge of essentially timber 
construction, with mortices and tenons, and even wedges , all of 
granite. At Fathipur Sikri we had seen the famous local red-sandstone 
used so as to imitate roof tiles and wooden beams. This precedence 
of the joiner’s craft in the East is a curious contrast to the history of 
the building arts in mediaeval Europe, for our cathedrals and churches 
clearly show that joinery in the West developed from masonry. 
Around that tiny fane, quite indifferent to its structural peculi¬ 
arities, coursed innumerable Swallow-tails of four species. Of these, 
Papilio demetrius is represented by but one specimen in my collection, 
but P. bianor , and the magnificent P. maackii, were both in abund¬ 
ance, while with them, in even greater numbers, was P. machaon, 
often flying in threes and fours together. Machaon would occasionally 
settle on an Azalea flower; not so the others. None of these Papilios 
were common on the sides, or at the foot of the hill. Why did they 
behave in this manner? I wish I could tell whether both sexes 
were so occupied. 
Other common Nikko butterflies were Colias poliographus and 
Papilio macilentus. Late in the afternoon I was able to catch the 
latter in my fingers; the Papilios take a long time selecting their 
night quarters, and are then very leisurely in their movements. Of 
Ganoris melete I took but one at Nikko, a female; of the Skipper 
Tagiades montanus I captured two, one on Toyama, the other at 
Chuzengi at a height of 4000 ft. Another Skipper, the pretty black 
and white Daimio tethys, Menet., was abundant, especially on the 
slopes of Toyama; though conspicuous when settled, it was hard to 
follow on the wing. 
At Nikko a fair number of moths were secured; conspicuous 
among them was the singular Pterodecta gloriosa, a day-flyer which 
I had previously met with at Kami Sakamoto, near Kyoto. Another 
day-flyer was the Ermine Eiacrisia punctaria, Stoll; I believe (but 
am not sure) that the black and white Geometer Odezia aterrima, 
Butl., var. moeroraria , Err., had similar habits, but the majority of 
the Geometers noticed were kicked up from the herbage as one 
