THE WHITE NILE—SUDAN FAUNA 
421 
and had the characteristic scent; five females of Teracolus halimede ; 
also a female of T. eupompe, lacking the red tip. It is notable that 
at Tawila, earlier in the day, males prevailed over females. The 
female of halimede is variable, the ground colour is usually white, 
but in a specimen from Ad Duwem it was yellow; sometimes there 
is a mere trace of the yellow flush, but occasionally it approaches 
that of the male; moreover, the black markings vary in intensity. 
At Fachi Shoya I got a single moth, a Lithosiid, which is almost 
certainly a new species. A native sailor brought me two beetles, 
Rhytidonota scabriuscula, Esch., and Mrs. Longstaff found a beetle in 
our cabin, Pheropsophus (?) lafertei, Arrow. That night there was a 
violent gale from the north, which blew out of my cabin two of my 
precious Tawila butterflies in their papers. What they were I shall 
never know, but have an impression that they were Teracoli of which 
I had others. In spite of the gale a Catocaline Noctuid came to 
light, Pandesma quenavadi , Guen., a common Indian form. 
On my last night on the White Nile, Feb. 20th, above Geteina, 
Blatlella (Phyllodromia) treitliana, Wern., an uncommon Cockroach, 
came to light, and Herr Schwabacher gave me a Cirphis loreyi. 
The fauna of the Sudan is extremely interesting from the point of 
view of geographical distribution. The Sudan may indeed be com¬ 
pared to Switzerland, in which country French, Germans and 
Italians meet. The insect fauna of Egypt is essentially Palaearetic 
in character ; the great majority of its insects are also to be found in 
Southern Europe. As examples of Palaearetic species extending 
through Egypt to the Siidan the following may be mentioned:— 
Cirphis loreyi, Euxoa spinifera, Caradrina exigua, Deilephila livornica, 
Xyloeopa aestuans , Eumenes tinctor, and Coccinella 11-punctata. 
Another element is the Oriental, which would appear to have 
reached the Sudan through Persia by way of Arabia. Such insects 
are Teracolus Calais , Pandesma quenavadi, Noorda blitealis, Arnipses 
sabella, and Copicucullia sublutea (though perhaps this last may be 
reckoned as Palaearetic rather than Oriental). 
Other Sudan insects have a far wider distribution, such as Danaida 
chrysippus, Polyommatus baeticus, Zizera lysimon, Utetheisa pidchella, 
Eromene ocellea, and Sterrha sacraria. Together with these are the 
almost cosmopolitan Pyrameis cardui, Agrotis ypsilon, and Nomophila 
noctuella. 
Though doubtless many, if not all, of these common insects 
are to be found in Uganda, yet the fauna of that country may well 
be considered as characteristically Ethiopian. From Uganda not a 
few Ethiopian species have passed to the Sudan, where they meet the 
