494 
BIONOMIC NOTES 
NYMPHALIDAE. 
Ithomiinae. 
\Dircenna xantho , Eeld. (lenea, Cram.). (Brazil, 1876, 1878). 1 
Eritz Muller records a rather strong, most agreeable, vanilla scent in 
the male.] 
[ Ceratinia eupompe, Hiibn. (Brazil, 1878). Eritz Muller records 
a rather faint scent in the male.] 
[ Meehanitis lysimnia, Eabr. ( polymnia , Linn.). (Brazil, 1878). 
Eritz Muller records a very faint scent in the male.] 
[Thyridia megisto , Feld. (Brazil, 1878). Fritz Muller records an 
odour in both sexes, but much fainter in the female.] 
[Ithomia sylvo, Hiibn. (Brazil, 1878). Fritz Muller records a 
rather faint odour in the male. 
He seems to claim a scent for the whole group of Ithomiines : 
“ The males have a tuft or pencil of long hairs near the anterior 
margin of the hind-wings, which in all our Brazilian species emits a 
more or less distinct odour.”] 
Tithorea megara, Godart. (Trinidad, 1907). Three males had a 
very distinct, or even strong, scent, which was compared by both 
Mrs. Longstaff and myself to Stephanotis , but I thought that it had 
in addition a spicy, or dusty element. A female was scentless. 
Athesis dearista , Doubl. (Venezuela, 1907). A male had a slight 
sweet flowery scent, both alive and dead : it appeared to be associated 
with the brushes on the hind-wings. 
Leucothyris victorina , Hew., and L. phemonoe, Doubl. (Venezuela, 
1907). A male of each of these species had an offensive odour, 
which in the latter seemed to be associated with the tufts or brushes 
on the hind-wings. 
Danainae. 
Danaida chrysippus, Linn. (India, 1904; South Africa, 1905; 
Ceylon, 1908; Egypt, 1909). There is no doubt whatever, that, to 
use Dr. Dixey’s words: “ The scent in both sexes ” is “ of a strong 
and disagreeable nature, like that of cockroaches, often stronger in 
the female.” It has also been compared to the odour of musk-rats. 
It appears to me that the odour is not connected with the glands 
on the hind-wings of the male. 
Danaida archippus, Fabr. ( plexippus , auct. f nee Linn., erippus , 
1 The date given to all Fritz Muller’s notes is 1878. His paper was read in June 
of that year. He speaks of “ two years ago,” and implies that the observations have 
been made since. From this one may infer a date of 1876, 1877, or 1878. Where 
the scent of the butterfly had been mentioned in Fritz Muller’s earlier paper the date 
1876 is also given. 
