TENACITY OF LIFE 
519 
of 1908, I paid closer attention to the matter than previously, and 
feel confident that in the large majority of cases when a butterfly 
survived the first pinching the fact was duly recorded. The converse 
fact, that the insect was found dead in the envelope, was very rarely 
noted. 
Somebody will doubtless lodge the plausible objection that many 
of the butterflies in the table are large insects: consequently that 
they should often survive a pinch, such as proved almost uniformly 
fatal to smaller species, is only what might have been expected. 
This objection is disposed of by the fact that such a large butterfly as 
Cynthia asela, Moore, was never (thirteen specimens) found alive in 
the paper at the end of the day; the same is true of Cethosia nietneri , 
Feld, (nine specimens), and of the robustly made and swift-flying 
Hebomoia australis , Butl. (thirteen specimens). Again, Catopsilia 
pomona, Fabr., is a fairly robust butterfly, yet out of forty-nine 
specimens three only, a £ and two $, were noted as tenacious of life. 
From my note-books and previously published papers I find that 
this resistance to death has forced itself upon my attention in the 
following species:— 
Trepsichrois midamus , Linn. (Hong-Kong, 1904). 
Crastia amymone, Godart, f. kinbergi , Wallgr. (Macao, 1904). 
Danaida chrysippus , Linn. (India, 1903, Sudan, 1909). Noted as 
resistant to cyanide as well as to pinching. 
Parnassius hardwichii , Gray. (Himalaya, 1903). Delicate looking 
though it be, it is strangely tenacious of life. 1 
Telchinia violae, Fabr. (India, 1904). 
Chittira fumaia , Butl. (Ceylon, 1904). 
Acraea cabira, Hopff. (S. Africa, 1905). Noted as resistant to 
chloroform as well as to pinching. 2 
Danaida archippus , Fabr. (Jamaica, 1907). 
Danaida eresimm , Cram. (Venezuela, 1907). 
Danaida jamaicensis, Bates. (Jamaica, 1907). 
Hdiconius charithonius, Linn. (Jamaica, 1907). Mr. P. A. Buxton 
writes that he found this species and the preceding hard to kill. 
Heliconius hydarns, Hew. (Venezuela, 1907). 
Actinote antaeas, Dbl. & H. (Venezuela, 1907). 
1 In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper Dr. Chapman 
remarked that three or four pinches scarcely availed to kill the common Alpine 
Parnassius apollo , Linn. 
2 Mr. W. S. Loat, quoted by Dlxey, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. 149, says of 
Acraea vinidia, Hew., on the White Nile, “ takes a long time to die when put in the 
killing-bottle.” 
