MUTILATED SPECIMENS 
521 
To this list I may add Deilemera annulata, Boisd., an abundant 
New Zealand moth, of which I noted in 1910, “This conspicuous, 
slow-flying, abundant Hypsid moth is decidedly tenacious of life.” 1 
The conspicuous Venezuelan Geometer Josiomorpha cruciata , 
Butl., comes into the same category. 
So far as my observations go there is no difference in the powers 
of the two sexes of the butterflies here dealt with to resist injuries. 
§ 4. Butterflies bearing Marks of the Attacks of Foes. 
This very interesting bionomic point we owe almost entirely to 
Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., and Mr. G. A. K. Marshall. 2 The 
following lists of butterflies presumably injured by enemies, noted by 
me in the course of my travels, amply prove Prof. Poulton’s state¬ 
ment that if only looked for many such specimens may easily be 
found. In nearly every case the injury is symmetrical, i.e. affecting 
the corresponding parts of both right and left wings, so that the 
probability of the injury being the result of accidental damage during 
flight by branches or thorns is very small. 
It will be seen that it is nearly always the hind-wings that have 
borne the brunt of the attack. 
Observations in India , 1903-4. 
Precis lemonias , Linn, {a) Bight hind-wing; ? lizard. ( b ) Anal 
angles of hind-wings, symmetrically. 
Precis almana i Linn. Large pieces missing from both hind-wings, 
in part symmetrical. 
Hypolimnas misippus, Linn. <£. Both hind-wings, injury in part 
symmetrical. 
Pyrameis cardui , Linn. Apex of both fore-wings, and anal angle 
of left hind-wing. 
Vanessa kashmirensis, Koll. A large piece of hind margin of 
hind-wings bitten out square, sparing the anal angles; ? lizard. 
Orsotriaena meda i Fabr. A well-marked bite on hind margins of 
hind-wings above anal angle; closely corresponding. 
Yphthima hubneri , Kirby. The whole of the hind margin of both 
hind-wings bitten off nearly symmetrically. 
1 See above, p. 443. 
2 Poulton, “Essays on Evolution,” 1908, pp. 270, 281-283, 325, as well as the 
references there given. Even Prof. Punnett admits the cogency of this line of 
argument, but considers that the injuries are mainly due to Lizards. Sjpolia 
Zeylanica, vol. vii., Part xxv., p. 12 (1910). 
