LIST AND SHADOW 
555 
To these observations I may add that at Yokohama, May 19th, 
1904, Blanaida goschkevitschii, Moschl., a Satyrine like a large P. 
megaera , was observed with a list of 40°. 
At this stage the conclusion reached was :— 
There is no doubt that this sideways attitude makes the 
insects less conspicuous when resting on a flat surface, but 
I have satisfied myself from observations on English 
Satyrids that the attitude is more often adopted by the 
butterflies when sitting in sunshine than in shade. Now 
if the list be away from the sun the shadow would be 
increased, but if towards the sun it would be diminished, 
in some cases even to extinction. Numerous observations 
are required to determine whether the list has any relation 
to the sun’s position. I would, however, remark that in the 
case of a butterfly with cryptic colouring on the underside 
the shadow is often far more conspicuous than the butterfly 
itself, as I frequently observed in India. Obviously, there¬ 
fore, economy of shadow might be a considerable protection. 1 
Observations in South Africa , 1905. 
On the voyage out to South Africa the usual call at Madeira 
gave us little more than a glimpse at its butterflies. The local race 
of Satyrus semete, Linn., was common on the Caminho do Meio at an 
altitude of about 800 ft., and Dr. Dixey has this note:— 
Settled on the ground, low herbage, walls and tree-trunks. 
The fore-wings are depressed with a snap as in the English 
semele. Two were specially noted settling in sunshine (not 
strong) both turned head to sun and listed—one to port and 
one to starboard. 
My note is:— 
A specimen seen settled head to sun, list 30° to starboard. 
It was of course only to be expected that on the fifth day from 
leaving Southampton we should both use nautical phraseology. 
South Africa contributed little to increasing our knowledge of 
the list. The genus Pseudonymjoha, somewhat suggestive of JErebia, 
is characteristic of Cape Colony; at East London I observed several 
P. cassius, Godart, at rest, but did not see any list. 
Mycalesis safitza , Hew. Though I took many odd specimens of 
1 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. 185,136. 
