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APPENDIX 
sometimes common here, a splendid panther-like, golden yellow black- 
marked [G-eometrid] moth, in which these tnfts are powerfully developed. 
Does the musky scent proceed from the same spot in the males of the 
Privet and Convolvulus Hawks ? Do those Hawk Moths in which the 
human nose can detect no scent, also possess similar scent-tufts ? Both 
are probable. Let us hope that these points will soon be settled by actual 
observation. 
II. The second of the above conjectures was founded chiefly on the 
behaviour of the tibial tufts of Pantherodes pardelaria, which spring from 
the base of the hind tibiae, extend along their full length, and are usually 
concealed in a deep longitudinal groove which runs along the inner side 
of the tibiae, and is covered by peculiar very large scales inserted along its 
edge. The unfolding of the tuft appears to be brought about by very 
vigorous stretching of the tibia. 
That conjecture has since been confirmed. On one of our giant-moths 
belonging to the family of the Erebidae , with an expanse of wing of about 
190 mm., I was able to detect a not particularly powerful, but quite 
unmistakable, peculiar scent emitted from the hind tibiae of the male. 
In this species the hind tibia is slender in the female, but strongly inflated 
in the male (4 mm. broad by 12 mm. long), and its entire inner surface 
is covered with a dense forest of hair, which the moth can erect into an 
enormous brush, while in repose it lies close along the tibia. In this 
state the hairs along the central line lie undermost, in a shallow groove, 
covered over by a dense layer of the lateral hairs, which are directed 
obliquely towards the central line and the apex of the tibia. 1 
Even as it is probable that the varied scent-producing structures, now 
confined to certain spots on the wings, have originated from scent-scales 
scattered over the whole surface, so we may, without difficulty, trace these 
tibial tufts of Panther odes pardelaria to the pubescence covering the whole 
inner side of the tibiae, as shown in the above-mentioned Erebid males. 
We may adopt this conclusion with the less hesitation since we also find 
in the family of the Erebidae [a further stage of evolution in the presence 
of] hair-tufts at the base of otherwise hairless hind tibiae. 
In the Hesperidae known to me, there is no arrangement for the 
concealment of the tufts on the tibiae; but I have seen in one of the 
larger forms, probably a species of Antigonus , that the tibial tufts were 
concealed in a groove formed by the scales of the abdomen. 
Itajahy, 26 November, 1877. 
(Signed) Fritz Muller. 
1 The Javanese Hesperid, Ismene oedipodea appears to resemble these Erebidae, 
the male having the hind tibiae strongly inflated (“ extremely thick ”) and densely 
pubescent (“ very densely hairy ”)• (Doubleday, Westwood, and Hewitson [printed 
“Hecoitron” in original], Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, p. 514.) It may also be 
mentioned here that Linn6 himself gave the name of “ odor a ” to a species of 
Erebid. I have personally no knowledge of this species.—P.M. 
