Introduction. 
XI 
V. Htmenopterous. — Having four membranous and semi-trans- 
parent wings, veined like network ; and the tail armed with a 
sting, as the wasp and bee. 
VI. Dipterous. — Having only two wings, as the common house-flies. 
VII. Apterous. — Having no wings, as the spiders. 
ORDERS OF VERMES, OR WORMS. 
The sixth and last Linnaean class consisted of Worms, or Vermes. 
These are slow of motion, and have soft and fleshy bodies. Some ot 
them have hard internal parts, and others have crustaceous coverings. 
In some of the species, eyes and ears are very perceptible, whilst 
others appear to enjoy only the senses of taste and touch. Many have 
no distinct head, and most of them are destitute of feet. They are, in 
general, so tenacious of life, that parts which have been destroyed will 
be reproduced. These animals are principally distinguished from 
those of the other classes by having tentacula, or feelers, and are 
divided by Linnaeus into five Orders : 
I. Lntestina. — Are simple and naked, without limbs -, some of them 
live within other animals, as the ascarides and tape-worms; 
others in water, as the leeches ; and a few in the earth, as the 
earth-worm. 
II. Mollusca. — Are simple animals, without shells, and furnished 
with limbs, as the cuttle-fish, medusa, star-fish, and sea-urchin. 
III. Testacea. — Are animals similar to the last, but covered with 
shells, as oysters, cockles, snails, and limpets. 
IV. Lithophyta. — Are composite Polyps, dwelling in cells in a cal- 
careous base which they produce, as corals and madrepores. 
V. Zoophyta. — Are usually composite animals, but do not reside in 
stony cells. The coral, sponge, and polyps are instances of this 
order, which also includes the Infusorial Animalcules. 
MODERN SYSTEM. 
It will be found by reading the following sketch of the Modern System 
that the greatest change has taken place in the latter two classes. 
The others remain nearly the same in effect, though their distinctions 
are different, and the classes are not arranged in the same order. 
According to Cuvier, all animals are arranged in four great divi- 
sions, which are subdivided into classes and orders, as follows : — 
Divisions Classes No. of Orders 
I. Vertebrata. ) J' Mammalia Nine. 
Four Classes. Twenty- \ i' £ ve f.;. S, 1X ' 
seven Orders. * f £ e P tlha £?" r ; 
; 4. Pisces Eight. 
