viii Introduction. 
teeth; and on the form and construction of the feet, or of those parts 
in the seals, manati, and cetacea, which supply the place of feet : 
I. Primates. — Having the upper front teeth, generally four in 
number, wedge-shaped, and parallel ; and two teats situated on 
the breast, as the apes and monkeys. 
II. Bruta. — Having no front teeth in either jaw ; and the feet armed 
with strong hoof-like nails, as the elephant. 
III. Fer.^. — Having in general six front teeth in each jaw; a single 
canine tooth on each side in both jaws ; and the grinders with 
conic projections, as the dogs and cats. 
IV. Gi-ires.— Having in each jaw two long projecting front teeth, 
which stand close together ; and no canine teeth in either jaw, 
as the rats and mice. 
V. Pecora. — Having no front teeth in the upper jaw ; six or eight in 
the lower jaw, situated at a considerable distance from the 
grinders ; and the feet with hoofs, as cattle and sheep. 
VI. Bellu.*:.— Having blunt wedge-shaped front teeth in both jaws ; 
and the feet with hoofs, as horses. 
VII. Cetacea. — Having spiracles or breathing-holes on the head ; fins 
instead of fore feet; and a tail flattened horizontally, instead of 
hind feet. This order consists of the narvals, whales, cachalots, 
and dolphins. 
• 
ORDERS OF BIRDS. 
The second class, or Birds, comprises all such animals as have their 
bodies clad with feathers. Their jaws are elongated, and covered ex- 
ternally with a horny substance, called a bill or beak, which is divided 
into two parts called mandibles. Their eyes are furnished with a thin, 
whitish, and somewhat transparent membrane, that can at pleasure be 
drawn over the whole external surface like a curtain. Their organs 
of motion are two wings and two legs ; and they are destitute of 
external ears, lips, and many other parts which are important to 
quadrupeds. That part of Zoology which treats of Birds is called 
Ornithology. 
Linnaeus divided this class into six Orders : 
1. Land Birds. 
I. Rapacious Birds (Accipitres) . — Having the upper mandible hooked, 
and an angular projection on each side near the point, as the 
eagles, hawks, and owls. 
II. Pies (Piece).— Having their bills sharp at the edge, somewhat com- 
pressed at the sides, and convex on the top, as the crow. 
III. Passerine Birds (Passeres). — Having the bill conical and pointed, 
and the nostrils oval, open, and naked, as the sparrow and 
linnet. 
