The Pilchard. 457. 
taken yearly about Easter-time in a lake in Cheshire, 
called Kostern Mere, and in the river Mersey, in which 
the sea ebbs and flows seven or eight miles below the 
lake. 
The Sardine (Clupea Sardina) is caught on the southern 
shores of France, where it is held in great repute ; and 
from its abounding in the neighbourhood of the island 
of Sardinia, it is called the Sardine. It is sent here 
pickled in the same way as herrings, and packed in 
barrels. 
THE PILCHAED. (Clupea Pilchardus.) 
The chief difference between this fish and the herring 
is, that the body of the Pilchard is more round and 
thick ; the nose shorter in proportion, turning up ; and 
the under jaw shorter. The back is more elevated, and 
the belly not so sharp. The scales adhere very closely, 
whilst those of the herring easily drop off. It is also, in 
general, of considerably smaller size. 
About the middle of July, Pilchards appear in vast 
shoals off the coast of Cornwall. These shoals remain 
till the latter end of October, when it is probable they 
retire to some undisturbed deep, at a little distance, for 
the winter. 
The Pilchard fishery is an important branch of com- 
merce. From a statement of the number of hogsheads 
exported each year, for ten years, from 1747 to 1756 in- 
clusive, from the four ports of Fowy, Falmouth, Pen- 
zance, and St. -Ives, it appears that Fowy exported 
yearly one thousand seven hundred and thirty-two hogs- 
heads; Falmouth, fourteen thousand six hundred and 
thirty-one ; Penzance and Mount's Bay, twelve thousand 
one hundred and forty-nine ; St. Ives, one thousand two 
hundred and eighty-two : in all, twenty-nine thousand 
seven hundred and ninety -four hogsheads. Every hogs- 
head, for ten years last past, together with the bounty 
allowed for exportation, and the oil made out of it, has 
amounted, one year with another, at an average, to the 
price of one pound thirteen shillings and three pence ; 
so that the cash paid for Pilchards exported has, at a 
